Adição de subprodutos da cinza da casca de café (Coffea canephora) em massa cerâmica para porcelanato
Data
2013-05-23
Autores
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Editor
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Resumo
Na fabricação de porcelanatos são utilizados fundentes com a finalidade de obter fase líquida durante a queima que, por sua vez, preenche os poros diminuindo a porosidade, a absorção de água, e contribui para a densificação do material. Na indústria de porcelanatos o feldspato é o principal material fundente utilizado, com percentuais que variam entre 35 e 50% em massa. Pesquisas são direcionadas para a descoberta de materiais com características fundentes que possam diminuir o consumo de feldspato. Nesse contexto, a cinza da casca de café, resíduo obtido quando cascas de café são queimadas a fim de produzir calor para os secadores mecânicos durante o beneficiamento do fruto, possuem como principais elementos o potássio, cálcio e magnésio, conferindo-lhe características de material fundente. O Brasil é o maior produtor de café do mundo, responsável por mais de 30% da produção mundial. Nesse trabalho, foi realizado um tratamento físico na cinza de café com a finalidade de eliminar parte do material carbonizado e, após este, foram obtidos dois subprodutos: resíduo R1 e resíduo R2. Ambos os resíduos foram adicionados, separadamente, como únicos fundentes, e também associados ao feldspato, em massas com matérias primas coletadas em uma fábrica de porcelanatos localizada no município de Dias d’Ávila-Ba. A adição desses resíduos teve o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de reduzir o consumo de feldspato na produção de porcelanatos. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova com dimensões de 60 mm x 20 mm x 6 mm em matriz uniaxial, com pressão de compactação de 45 MPa. Os corpos de prova foram sinterizados na temperatura de 1200 °C com patamar de 8 minutos. Foram realizados ensaios para caracterização das matérias- primas por FRX, DRX, AG, ATD e ATG, e analisados os resultados das propriedades físicas de absorção de água, porosidade aparente, retração linear, MEA, análise dilatométrica, resistência à flexão e MEV do corpo sinterizado. A adição de até 8% do resíduo R1 contribuiu para a diminuição da porosidade aparente, porém a resistência mecânica das amostras não foi satisfatória. A adição de 5% de resíduo R2 contribuiu significativamente para diminuir absorção de água e porosidade aparente, e também, para o aumento da resistência mecânica à flexão. As amostras com adição do resíduo R2 associado ao feldspato, nas proporções de 6,7% de R2 e 6,7% de feldspato, obtiveram resultados de absorção de água de 0,12% e resistência mecânica à flexão de 46 MPa, atendendo aos parâmetros normalizados para fabricação de porcelanatos.
To produce porcelain tiles fluxing agents are used in order to obtain a liquid phase during firing. This liquid phase fills the pores decreasing porosity, water absorption and contributes to material densification. In the porcelain tiles industry, feldspar is the main flux material used, with quantities ranging between 35 and 50%. Studies focus on the discovery of materials with flux characteristics that can reduce the consumption of feldspar by porcelain tiles industry. In this context, the coffee husk ashes, a residue obtained when coffee husks are burned to produce heat for the dryers during the processing of the green fruit, have as main chemical constituents potassium, calcium and magnesium, giving them characteristics of fluxing material. Brazil is the largest coffee producer in the world and is responsible for over 30% of the world’s production. In this work a physical treatment of coffee husk ash was carried out in order to eliminate the organic matter and, after this, two by-products were obtained: residual wastes R1 and R2. Both residues were added separately as single fluxes and also in association with feldspar in mixtures with raw materials collected in a porcelain industry located in Dias d’Ávila-Ba. The addition of these residues aimed to contribute to the reduction of the consumption of feldspar in the production of porcelain tiles. Specimens were produced with dimensions of 60 mm x 20 mm x 6 mm in an uniaxial die with compacting pressure of 45 MPa. The samples were heated to a temperature of 1200 °C, for 8 minutes. Tests were performed to characterize the raw materials by XRF, XRD, particle size analysis, DTA and TGA and, additionally, the results of the physical properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, density, dilatometry, flexural strength and SEM of sintered body were analyzed. Additions of less than 8% of the residue R1 contributed to the decrease of porosity, but the mechanical strength of the samples was not satisfactory. Additions of 5% the R2 residue contributed significantly to decrease the water absorption and apparent porosity, and also to increase the mechanical strength. Samples with addition of feldspar associated with the R2 residue, in proportions of 6.7% of R2 and 6.7% of feldspar, led to results of water absorption of 0.12% and mechanical strength of 46 MPa, having parameters normalized to the manufacture of porcelain stoneware tiles.
To produce porcelain tiles fluxing agents are used in order to obtain a liquid phase during firing. This liquid phase fills the pores decreasing porosity, water absorption and contributes to material densification. In the porcelain tiles industry, feldspar is the main flux material used, with quantities ranging between 35 and 50%. Studies focus on the discovery of materials with flux characteristics that can reduce the consumption of feldspar by porcelain tiles industry. In this context, the coffee husk ashes, a residue obtained when coffee husks are burned to produce heat for the dryers during the processing of the green fruit, have as main chemical constituents potassium, calcium and magnesium, giving them characteristics of fluxing material. Brazil is the largest coffee producer in the world and is responsible for over 30% of the world’s production. In this work a physical treatment of coffee husk ash was carried out in order to eliminate the organic matter and, after this, two by-products were obtained: residual wastes R1 and R2. Both residues were added separately as single fluxes and also in association with feldspar in mixtures with raw materials collected in a porcelain industry located in Dias d’Ávila-Ba. The addition of these residues aimed to contribute to the reduction of the consumption of feldspar in the production of porcelain tiles. Specimens were produced with dimensions of 60 mm x 20 mm x 6 mm in an uniaxial die with compacting pressure of 45 MPa. The samples were heated to a temperature of 1200 °C, for 8 minutes. Tests were performed to characterize the raw materials by XRF, XRD, particle size analysis, DTA and TGA and, additionally, the results of the physical properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, density, dilatometry, flexural strength and SEM of sintered body were analyzed. Additions of less than 8% of the residue R1 contributed to the decrease of porosity, but the mechanical strength of the samples was not satisfactory. Additions of 5% the R2 residue contributed significantly to decrease the water absorption and apparent porosity, and also to increase the mechanical strength. Samples with addition of feldspar associated with the R2 residue, in proportions of 6.7% of R2 and 6.7% of feldspar, led to results of water absorption of 0.12% and mechanical strength of 46 MPa, having parameters normalized to the manufacture of porcelain stoneware tiles.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.
Palavras-chave
Porcelanato, Cinzas de café, Feldspato, Fundentes, Resíduos
Citação
DULTRA, E. J. V. Adição de subprodutos da cinza da casca de café (Coffea canephora) em massa cerâmica para porcelanato. 2013. 133 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal. 2013.