Progresso da ferrugem e da cercosporiose em cultivares de cafeeiro sob cultivo orgânico e o efeito de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz na germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas
Data
2010-06-02
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
Vários são os fatores que limitam a produção do cafeeiro. Entre eles estão as doenças que atacam a parte aérea, principalmente a ferrugem, a cercosporiose e a mancha-manteigosa, cujo agente etiológico Colletotrichum gloeosporioides considera-se que seja transmitido pela semente. Sendo assim, objetivou-se, com a realização deste trabalho: avaliar o progresso da ferrugem e da cercosporiose em diferentes cultivares sob cultivo orgânico; verificar a patogenicidade de isolados de C. gloeosporioides em cultivares de cafeeiro e avaliar o efeito do referido fungo na germinação, na viabilidade da semente e no estabelecimento de plântulas. O experimento sobre o progresso da ferrugem e da cercosporiose foi conduzido em lavoura orgânica, no município de Machado, MG, em dois períodos, de fevereiro/2007 a outubro/2007 e de outubro/2007 a junho/2008. Os dados de incidência, severidade e índice de área foliar foram transformados em área abaixo da curva de progresso da incidência (AACPI), área abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade (AACPS) e área abaixo da curva de progresso do índice de área foliar (AACPIAF). Observou-se diferença significativa na AACPI e AACPS da ferrugem entre as cultivares, nos dois períodos de avaliação. No primeiro período de avaliação, a AACPI e a AACPS da ferrugem foram maiores nas cultivares Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942 e Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44. Já no segundo período de avaliação, a AACPI foi menor apenas na cultivar Acaiá Cerrado, MG 1474, não tendo as demais cultivares diferido entre si. Entretanto, a AACPS foi maior na cultivar Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942. Quanto à cercosporiose, tanto a AACPI quanto a AACPS foram maiores nas cultivares Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474 e Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, seguidas das cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 e Rubi MG 1192. Na cultivar Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942, tanto a incidência como a severidade foram menores. A incidência e a severidade de cercosporiose nos frutos foram maiores nas cultivares Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474 e Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, no primeiro período de avaliação. Já no segundo período de avaliação, a severidade foi maior nas cultivares Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62 e Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44. Houve redução significativa na produção da cultivar Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474. O índice de área foliar foi menor em Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942 e Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474. O teor foliar de Cu e Zn foi alto e o de Mn deficiente, durante o período de avaliação. Para avaliar a patogenicidade de isolados de C. gloeosporioides, utilizaram-se 5 isolados monospóricos, denominados de I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 e I 5 , obtidos de plantas com sintomas de mancha-manteigosa, os quais foram inoculados em hipocótilos de cafeeiro das cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 e Mundo Novo IAC 379/19. Avaliaram-se a incidência e a severiadade dos sintomas nas plântulas, 15 dias após inoculação. Verificou-se diferença significativa quanto à patogenicidade entre os isolados. A severidade dos isolados I 2 , I 3 e I 4 foi maiorque a dos isolados I 1 e I 5. A incidência foi maior para os isolados I 2 e I 3. Tanto a incidência como a severidade foram maiores em hipocótilos da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99. O efeito de C. gloeosporioides na germinação, na viabilidade da semente e no estabelecimento de plântulas foi realizado com o isolado I 3 inoculado em sementes das cultivares Catuaí Vermelho (sementes de plantas com sintomas de mancha-manteigosa), Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 e Mundo Novo IAC 317-19. As sementes das cultivares foram submetidas por 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas de exposição ao fungo, pelo contato direto com a colônia do fungo em placas de Petri. Foram consideradas as variáveis sanidade, germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência em areia e tetrazólio. Verificou-se que, com o aumento do tempo de exposição ao fungo, houve aumento da incidência nas sementes, tendo a incidência sido maior na cultivar Catuaí Vermelho (26%), seguida da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 (21,5%) e Mundo Novo IAC 379- 19 (11,0%). C. gloeosporioides afetou a germinação e o índice de velocidade de emergência das sementes da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho, a partir de 96 horas de exposição ao fungo. No caso da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44, ocorreu queda na germinação a partir de 96 horas. O tempo de exposição ao fungo não afetou a germinação e o índice de velocidade de emergência da cultivar Mundo Novo IAC 379-19, tendo sido verificado apenas o efeito priming. Pelo teste de tetrazólio foi possível verificar que C. gloeosporioides reduziu a viabilidade das sementes de café. Verificaram-se, por microscópio eletrônico de varredura, colonização do endocarpo e do endosperma da semente e a presença do fungo no embrião.
There are several factors limiting the coffee production. There are diseases that attack the shoot, mainly, rust, gray leaf spot and blister spot, whose etiologic agent Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is considered as transmitted by seed. Thus, this study aimed to: assess the progress of rust and gray leaf spot on different cultivars under organic cultivation and verify the pathogenicitu of isolates of C. gloeosporioides in coffee cultivars and to evaluate the effect of the fungus on seed germination, seed viability and seedling establishment. The experiment was conducted in organic farming in the municipality of Machado / MG in two periods from February / 2007 to October/2007 and June/2008 to October/2007. The incidence, severity and leaf area index were transformed into area under the curve of incidence progress (AUCPI), area under the curve severity progress (AUDPCS) and area under the curve of progress of leaf area index (AACPIAL). We observed significant differences in AUIPC and AUSPC rust among cultivars in both periods. In the first period of evaluation the AUIPC and AUSPC rust was higher in the cultivars Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942 and Catuaí IAC Vermelho 44. In the second period of evaluation the AUIPC was lower only for Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474, and the other cultivars did not differ. However, the AUSPC was higher for the cultivar Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942. For gray leaf spot, both AUIPC and AUSPC were higher for the cultivars Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474 and Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, followed by Catuaí IAC Vermelho 44 and Rubi MG 1192. In the cultivar Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942IAC 2942 both the incidence and severity were lower. The incidence and severity of gray leaf spot in the fruits was higher in cultivars Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474 and Catuaí Amarelo for the first evaluation period. In the second evaluation period, the severity was higher in Catuaí IAC Vermelho 44 and Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62.There was a significant reduction in the production of Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474. The LAI was lower in Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942 and Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474. The leaf content of Cu and Zn was high and the Mn was deficient during the evaluation period. To evaluate the pathogenicity of isolates of C. gloeosporioides was used five single spore isolates, named I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 and I 5 obtained from plants with symptoms of blister spot which were inoculated on the hypocotyls of coffee Catuaí IAC Vermelho 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 379/19. We evaluated the incidence and severiadade symptoms in seedlings 15 days after inoculation. There was significant difference in pathogenicity among isolates. The severity of the (ID) isolates I 2 , I 3 and I 4 was greater than incidence was higher for isolates I 2 and I 3 . Both the incidence and severity were greater in hypocotyls of Catuaí IAC Vermelho 99. The effect of C. gloeosporioides on germination, seed viability and seedling establishment was conducted with isolate I 3 inoculated on seeds of Catuaí Vermelho (seeds of plants withsymptoms of blister spot), Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 and Mundo Novo IAC 317- 19. The seeds of the cultivars were exposed to the fungus for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, by direct contact with the colony of the fungus in petri dishes. The variables health, germination a, emergence rate index in sand and tetrazolium were considered. It was found that increasing time of exposure to the fungus,the incidence in seeds also incresed, and it was higher in Catuaí Vermelho (26%), followed by Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 (21.5%) and Mundo Novo IAC 379-19 (11.0%). C. gloeosporioides affect germination and rate of seed emergence of Catuaí Vermelho from 96 hours of exposure to the fungus. In the case of Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 was a decrease in germination from 96 h. The time of exposure to the fungus did not affect the germination and emergence rate index for Mundo Novo IAC 379-19, and there have been only the priming effect. By tetrazolium test was concluded that C. gloeosporioides reduced the viability of coffee seeds. It was observed by MEV colonization of endocarp, endosperm from the seed and the presence of the fungus in the embryo.
There are several factors limiting the coffee production. There are diseases that attack the shoot, mainly, rust, gray leaf spot and blister spot, whose etiologic agent Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is considered as transmitted by seed. Thus, this study aimed to: assess the progress of rust and gray leaf spot on different cultivars under organic cultivation and verify the pathogenicitu of isolates of C. gloeosporioides in coffee cultivars and to evaluate the effect of the fungus on seed germination, seed viability and seedling establishment. The experiment was conducted in organic farming in the municipality of Machado / MG in two periods from February / 2007 to October/2007 and June/2008 to October/2007. The incidence, severity and leaf area index were transformed into area under the curve of incidence progress (AUCPI), area under the curve severity progress (AUDPCS) and area under the curve of progress of leaf area index (AACPIAL). We observed significant differences in AUIPC and AUSPC rust among cultivars in both periods. In the first period of evaluation the AUIPC and AUSPC rust was higher in the cultivars Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942 and Catuaí IAC Vermelho 44. In the second period of evaluation the AUIPC was lower only for Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474, and the other cultivars did not differ. However, the AUSPC was higher for the cultivar Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942. For gray leaf spot, both AUIPC and AUSPC were higher for the cultivars Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474 and Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, followed by Catuaí IAC Vermelho 44 and Rubi MG 1192. In the cultivar Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942IAC 2942 both the incidence and severity were lower. The incidence and severity of gray leaf spot in the fruits was higher in cultivars Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474 and Catuaí Amarelo for the first evaluation period. In the second evaluation period, the severity was higher in Catuaí IAC Vermelho 44 and Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62.There was a significant reduction in the production of Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474. The LAI was lower in Icatu Vermelho IAC 2942 and Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474. The leaf content of Cu and Zn was high and the Mn was deficient during the evaluation period. To evaluate the pathogenicity of isolates of C. gloeosporioides was used five single spore isolates, named I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 and I 5 obtained from plants with symptoms of blister spot which were inoculated on the hypocotyls of coffee Catuaí IAC Vermelho 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 379/19. We evaluated the incidence and severiadade symptoms in seedlings 15 days after inoculation. There was significant difference in pathogenicity among isolates. The severity of the (ID) isolates I 2 , I 3 and I 4 was greater than incidence was higher for isolates I 2 and I 3 . Both the incidence and severity were greater in hypocotyls of Catuaí IAC Vermelho 99. The effect of C. gloeosporioides on germination, seed viability and seedling establishment was conducted with isolate I 3 inoculated on seeds of Catuaí Vermelho (seeds of plants withsymptoms of blister spot), Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 and Mundo Novo IAC 317- 19. The seeds of the cultivars were exposed to the fungus for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, by direct contact with the colony of the fungus in petri dishes. The variables health, germination a, emergence rate index in sand and tetrazolium were considered. It was found that increasing time of exposure to the fungus,the incidence in seeds also incresed, and it was higher in Catuaí Vermelho (26%), followed by Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 (21.5%) and Mundo Novo IAC 379-19 (11.0%). C. gloeosporioides affect germination and rate of seed emergence of Catuaí Vermelho from 96 hours of exposure to the fungus. In the case of Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44 was a decrease in germination from 96 h. The time of exposure to the fungus did not affect the germination and emergence rate index for Mundo Novo IAC 379-19, and there have been only the priming effect. By tetrazolium test was concluded that C. gloeosporioides reduced the viability of coffee seeds. It was observed by MEV colonization of endocarp, endosperm from the seed and the presence of the fungus in the embryo.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Coffea arabica, Cercospora coffeicola, Incidência, Mancha-manteigosa, Hemileia vastatrix
Citação
CARVALHO, H. P. Progresso da ferrugem e da cercosporiose em cultivares de cafeeiro sob cultivo orgânico e o efeito de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz na germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas. 2010. 135 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia - Fitopatologia) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2010.