Citologia do desenvolvimento dos frutos sem sementes no café "mundo novo"
Data
1954-10
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Instituto Agronômico (IAC)
Resumo
Uma pequena porcentagem de frutos sem sementes é comum às plantas de tôdas as variedades de Coffea arabica, parecendo tratar-se de um fenômeno puramente fisiológico. No café Mundo Novo porém, além dêste tipo de plantas, há outras com elevada porcentagem de lojas vazias ("chochos"). Constituindo isto um grave defeito para uma variedade comercial, procurou-se estudar a sua causa. As observações feitas no processo da microsporogênese mostraram irregularidades na distribuição dos cromossômios. Sendo encontradas tanto nas plantas de alta porcentagem como nas de baixa porcentagem de chochos, não deve residir nessas anomalias a causa procurada. Em estudos comparativos dos dois tipos de plantas do Mundo Novo e da variedade bourbon, pôde-se verificar : a) que, em linhas gerais, o processo da formação do saco embrionário e o desenvolvimento do endosperma e do embrião são idênticos, havendo um ligeiro atrazo para as plantas Mundo Novo ; b) que nestas últimas existem anormalidades diversas no saco embrionário, em proporção muito mais elevada do que no bourbon. Ocorrendo com igual freqüência nos dois tipos de plantas do café Mundo Novo, estas anormalidades também não devem se relacionar com a formação de chochos. Estudos realizados em frutos de diversas idades, permitiram relacionar a alta freqüência de lojas vazias com o aparecimento de uma estrutura anormal, em forma de disco, encontrada no interior dos restos de perisperma. Êste "disco" (com cêrca de 3 mm de diâmetro) só apareceu na planta de alta freqüência de chochos, não tendo sido constatado na planta Mundo Novo de baixa freqüência de chochos, nem na planta bourbon. O exame citológico revelou que essa estrutura é constituida de endosperma, contendo um embrião anormal ; de côr clara a princípio, torna-se pardacenta à medida que degenera ; recebeu a denominação de "endosperma discóide". De oito plantas examinadas a seguir, encontrou-se endosperma discóide nas quatro que produzem alta porcentagem de lojas sem sementes, o que permitiu classificar as plantas Mundo Novo em duas categorias : 1) plantas onde ocorre o "disco" ; 2) plantas nas quais o "disco" não ocorre. A alta freqüência de chochos nessa variedade está, pois, condicionada à presença do endosperma discóide. Os autores sugerem uma hipótese genética para explicar êsse novo fenômeno : plantas de alta freqüência de chochos são heterozigotas para um par de fatores, que na condição duplamente recessiva têm ação letal ; como conseqüência, há paralização do endosperma no início do seu desenvolvimento, e, em seu lugar, é encontrado o "disco".
The occurrence of a small number of fruits with empty locules is common for all varieties of Coffea arabica L. and seems to be a physiological phenomenon. Many plants of the Mundo Novo coffee, however, show a high degree of this abnormality. Since this character is undesirable in a commercial variety, a cytological investigation was undertaken to determine its cause. The microsporogenesis in a plant of Mundo Novo coffee with high percentage of empty fruits presented irregularities in the anaphasic distribution of chromosomes ; the same irregularities were found in a plant of the same variety that showed low percentage of empty fruits. The frequency of anaphasic disturbances in both was higher, however, than that in a Bourbon plant. A certain degree of abnormalities was present in the development of the embryo-sac of the same two plants of Mundo Novo. These abnormalities are not commonly found in Bourbon plants. The study of fruits at different ages revealed that in the plant with a high percentage of empty fruits, the increase in the number of these was due to an arrest in the endosperm development at a certain stage, leading to the formation of a small, disc-shaped endosperm. This "discoid endosperm" did not occur in fruits of the Mundo Novo plant that showed low percentage of empty locules, nor in fruits of the Bourbon plants. The development of the endosperm in four other plants of Mundo Novo coffee that showed high frequency of empty locules and in four plants with low frequency of this abnormality was also compared. Again, the "discs" or the "discoid endosperms" were found only in plants with high frequency of empty locules. Also, they accounted for the excess in number of empty locules when plants of the two groups were compared. The present observations indicate that the high number of empty fruits found in certain plants of Mundo Novo coffee is not an increase in frequency of a phenomenon which normally occurs in coffee. It results from an independent and abnormal process that induces an arrest in the endosperm development at a definite stage and reduces it to a characteristic disc shape. It is suggested that the process leading to the formation of disc-shaped endosperm is genetically controlled by a recessive gene d. Plants that show "discoid endosperm" are heterozygous Dd, and the double recessive condition is lethal. Consequently, the development of endosperm of the condition ddd is arrested in the initial stages and a disc is formed in its place. Normal plants are homozygous DD.
The occurrence of a small number of fruits with empty locules is common for all varieties of Coffea arabica L. and seems to be a physiological phenomenon. Many plants of the Mundo Novo coffee, however, show a high degree of this abnormality. Since this character is undesirable in a commercial variety, a cytological investigation was undertaken to determine its cause. The microsporogenesis in a plant of Mundo Novo coffee with high percentage of empty fruits presented irregularities in the anaphasic distribution of chromosomes ; the same irregularities were found in a plant of the same variety that showed low percentage of empty fruits. The frequency of anaphasic disturbances in both was higher, however, than that in a Bourbon plant. A certain degree of abnormalities was present in the development of the embryo-sac of the same two plants of Mundo Novo. These abnormalities are not commonly found in Bourbon plants. The study of fruits at different ages revealed that in the plant with a high percentage of empty fruits, the increase in the number of these was due to an arrest in the endosperm development at a certain stage, leading to the formation of a small, disc-shaped endosperm. This "discoid endosperm" did not occur in fruits of the Mundo Novo plant that showed low percentage of empty locules, nor in fruits of the Bourbon plants. The development of the endosperm in four other plants of Mundo Novo coffee that showed high frequency of empty locules and in four plants with low frequency of this abnormality was also compared. Again, the "discs" or the "discoid endosperms" were found only in plants with high frequency of empty locules. Also, they accounted for the excess in number of empty locules when plants of the two groups were compared. The present observations indicate that the high number of empty fruits found in certain plants of Mundo Novo coffee is not an increase in frequency of a phenomenon which normally occurs in coffee. It results from an independent and abnormal process that induces an arrest in the endosperm development at a definite stage and reduces it to a characteristic disc shape. It is suggested that the process leading to the formation of disc-shaped endosperm is genetically controlled by a recessive gene d. Plants that show "discoid endosperm" are heterozygous Dd, and the double recessive condition is lethal. Consequently, the development of endosperm of the condition ddd is arrested in the initial stages and a disc is formed in its place. Normal plants are homozygous DD.
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MENDES, A. J. T.; MEDINA, D. M.; CONAGIN, C. H. T. M. Citologia do desenvolvimento dos frutos sem sementes no café "mundo novo". Bragantia, Campinas, v. 13, n. 22, p. 257-279, 1954.