Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

URI permanente para esta coleçãohttps://thoth.dti.ufv.br/handle/123456789/12091

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Coffee Genetic Breeding at IAPAR
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2001) Sera, Tumoru
This paper introduces the coffee genetic breeding research program developed by IAPAR (Agronomic Institute of Paraná, Brazil) which started in 1973. The characteristics of a breeding program for a seed-propagated perennial plant with a biennial production and the difficulties in assessing yield and longevity due to the time limitations they impose on the development and release of commercial cultivars are presented. A concise diagnosis of the arabica coffee crop in the region and the cultivar management and developmental strategies and priorities within the “IAPAR Model for dense population coffee crop” are detailed. The advances in cultivar development and management, integrated with other technologies for the solution of main problems are discussed and, an array of alternative procedures, techniques, methods and strategies to reduce the coffee cultivar development time from 24 to 12 years are proposed.
Grafted young coffee tree growth in a greenhouse
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2002) Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Tomaz, Marcelo Antonio; Martinez, Hermínia Emília Pietro; Pereira, Antonio Alves; Zambolim, Laércio; Cruz, Cosme Damião
Grafted young coffee trees were observed in a greenhouse to study the effect of different scions and rootstocks on plant growth. Four Coffea arabica L. genotypes were used as scions: the cultivars Catuaí Vermelho IAC 15 and Oeiras MG 6851, and the progenies H 419-10-3-1-5 and H 514-5-5-3. They were also used as nongrafted control plants. Four genotypes were used as rootstocks: ‘Apoatã IAC 2258’ (C. canephora), ‘Conillon’ (C. canephora), ‘Emcapa 8141’ (C. canephora), and ‘Mundo Novo IAC 376-4’ (C. arabica). ‘Mundo Novo IAC 376-4’ and ‘Apoatã IAC 2258’ were classified as good rootstocks, while ‘Oeiras MG 6851’ and “H 419- 10-3-1-5” performed well as non-grafted plants. The diallel analysis statistical model was efficient to evaluate the general combination ability of the rootstocks and, therefore, recommended for rootstock selection procedures in breeding programs.
Reproducibility of the RAPD marker and its efficiency in coffee tree genotype grouping analysis
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2002) Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Teixeira-Cabral, Terezinha Aparecida; Zambolim, Laércio; Pereira, Antonio Alves; Barros, Everaldo Gonçalves; Sakiyama, Cássia Camargo Harger
The genetic diversity of Coffea arabic L. cultivars is relatively narrow and its assessment and increase is important for breeding. Fifty two arbitrary primers were used to evaluate the reproducibility and the influence of the number of RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers on the estimation of genetic distances among 40 genotypes of Coffea spp. The average number of polymorphic bands was 6.69 per primer among all genotypes, and 1.27 among arabica coffee genotypes. RAPD markers were efficient in estimating the genetic distances among the genotypes. The increase in RAPD loci number during grouping analysis did not affect the major groups’ composition; however, it affected the composition of subgroups. Marker reproducibility was 76.88% and replicated data was recommended for distinguishing genotypes with the same genetic background.
Genotypic variability of rooting capacity in Coffea arabica L. cuttings
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2002) Sera, Tumoru; Fadelli, Sérgio
Cutting propagation of coffee trees has been used for several years in Coffea canephora because of the advantages of this technique compared to seed propagation. Recently, the production of heterotic arabic coffee hybrid genotypes increased the importance of conventional and biotechnological cloning also for C. arabica. Two experiments were carried out to assess cutting rooting of several C. arabica genotypes. In greater detail, the potential of two types of cutting of several hybrid genotypes compared to C. canephora genotypes was investigated. The experiment was carried out under shading with automatic misting in boxes of partially burnt rice husks during the summer months. There is genetic variability for cutting rooting capacity among the C. arabica genotypes. The F1 hybrids tended to perform better than the lines. Single-node soft-wood cuttings were superior to the tip cuttings. Selection only for cutting rooting characteristics and useable cuttings resulted in efficient selection especially among single-node soft-wood cuttings. In spite of the large observed difference between the cutting production of C. arabica and C. canephora, in some cases C. arabica genotypes can be obtained with rooting performance very close that observed in C. canephora.
Comparison of nutritional efficiency among hydroponic grafted young coffee trees for N, P, and K
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2004) Tomaz, Marcelo Antonio; Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Martinez, Hermínia Emília Prieto; Cruz, Cosme Damião; Zambolim, Laércio; Pereira, Antonio Alves
Grafted Coffea arabica L. plants were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse for an evaluation of their nutritional efficiency under the influence of different rootstocks. Four C. arabica genotypes were used as scions: ‘Catuaí Vermelho IAC 15’, ‘Oeiras MG 6851’, and lines H 419-10-3-1-5, and H 514-5-5-3. The three latter are cultivars resistant to the Hemileia vastatrix, pathogen of the orange rust. Rootstocks were three genotypes of Coffea canephora Pierre et Froenher: Apoatã LC 2258, Conilon, and Robustão Capixaba (Emcapa 8141), and one C. arabica genotype: Mundo Novo IAC 376-4. Rootstocks Apoatã LC 2258 and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4 were outstanding. Cultivars Conilon and Robustão Capixaba did not increase the nutritional efficiency of the scions. ‘Oeiras’ and H 419-10-3-1-5 had considerable nutrition efficiency when used as nongrafted plants.
Prediction of selection gains in Coffea canephora based on factorial scores
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2004) Ferreira, Adésio; Cecon, Paulo Roberto; Cruz, Cosme Damião; Ferrão, Romário Gava; Silva, Marcia Flores da; Fonseca, Aymbiré Francisco Almeida da; Ferrão, Maria Amélia Gava
The technique of factor analysis in the simultaneous selection of traits and prediction of genetic gains was evaluated in Coffea canephora var. conilon. Fourteen traits in 40 assessed genotypes were evaluated at two sites. The technique was used aiming at the structuring and simplification of the data, without information loss and with biological interpretation. The experimental design was of randomized blocks in four replications, each plot containing two useful plants. The technique was efficient for the data simplification and structuring. Moreover, the estimates of the predicted gains in the traits involved in the factors showed magnitude near the direct selection gain, attesting the suitability of the technique and its use in improvement programs of the species.
Single-locus inheritance and partial linkage map of Coffea arabica L.
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2004) Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Teixeira-Cabral, Terezinha Aparecida; Zambolim, Laércio; Pereira, Antonio Alves; Schuster, Ivan
In a backcross population of the allotetraploid Coffea arabica L. the loci with diploid-like segregation were predominant, although a few loci with tetrassomic inheritance or distortion of the expected segregation were also observed. A partial genetic map of Coffea arabica L. was constructed with 82 RAPD loci scored in this backcross population of 104 individuals. It covered the estimated length of 540.6 cM in eight linkage groups. The linkage group size was highly correlated with the number of markers, indicating random distribution of the markers in the groups. The average distance between two markers was 7.3 cM.
Repeatability and number of harvests required for selection in robusta coffee
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2004) Fonseca, Aymbiré Francisco Almeida da; Sediyama, Tocio; Cruz, Cosme Damião; Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Ferrão, Romário Gava; Ferrão, Maria Amélia Gava; Bragança, Scheilla Marina
This study aimed to estimate the repeatability coefficient of the grain yield in Coffea canephora by three methods: to quantify the precision of the measurements; to predict the real value of an individual based on n evaluations; and to determine the number of phenotypic measures required in each plant to obtain an adequate precision level for an efficient discrimination of the genotypes. The coefficients of repeatability and determination were estimated based on four harvests of 80 genotypes. Highest estimates of the repeatability coefficient were obtained by the method of the principal components derived from the matrix of covariances, which expresses the correlation between each measurement pair. The prediction precision of the real individual value ranged from 65.32 to 81.59%, and remained practically unchanged from the sixth harvest on.
Characterization of differential coffee tree hostsfor Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br. with RAPD markers
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2004-03-12) Teixeira-Cabral, Terezinha Aparecida; Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Zambolim, Laércio; Barros, Everaldo Gonçalves de; Silva, Dalza Gomes da
Eighteen clones of differential coffee tree hosts for Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br. were characterized with RAPD markers. The genetic distances were estimated and the genealogical origin of the clones compared to data of markerbased clusters. Thirty-five primers identified 158 polymorphic loci of RAPD markers. The cluster based on the matrix of genetic dissimilarity values was compatible with information on the genealogical origin cited in literature. Specific markers for a number of clones were identified, and a combination of 12 RAPD markers allowed the characterization of the studied clones.
Discriminant analysis for the classification and clustering of robusta coffee genotypes
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2004-07-07) Fonseca, Aymbiré Francisco Almeida da; Sediyama, Tocio; Cruz, Cosme Damião; Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Ferrão, Romário Gava; Ferrão, Maria Amélia Gava; Bragança, Scheilla Marina
This study evaluated the adequacy of the composition of three clonal Coffea canephora varieties recommended for the State of Espírito Santo by a multivariate method designated discriminant analysis. This method consists in the establishment of functions that enable the classification of a given individual into one, among various distinct populations, reducing the probability of a misclassification. It simultaneously considers measures of several traits, in order to give the new variety homogeneity. The original classification of genotypes in the three studied varieties, based on agronomical criteria, maintained expressive concordance with the results of the discriminant analysis, with an apparent deviation rate of only 6.25%. Corrected discriminant functions were also proposed, capable of classifying a new genotype into one of the three clonal varieties to be used in improvement programs, eliminating the subjectivity of the clustering process.
Selection for frost resistance in Coffea arabica progenies carrying C. liberica var. dewevrei genes
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2005) Petek, Marcos Rafael; Sera, Tumoru; Alteia, Marcos Zorzenon
This research was carried out to estimate the variability and genetic parameters for the development of cultivars more frost resistant in Coffea arabica progenies, carrying C. liberica var. dewevrei genes. There is genetic variability for frost resistance in progenies with C. liberica var. dewevrei genes. The rust resistance, vegetative vigor and yield potential should be considered when developing cultivars adapted to frost occurrence areas. Cultivars with yield precocity such as IAPAR 59, that allows a faster recovery yield after a severe frost, minimizing the damage from the phenomenon. The use of index selection is efficient to select simultaneously progenies with greater frost adaptation, vegetative vigor, rust resistance and yield.
Analysis of AFLP markers associated to the Mex-1 resistance locus in Icatu progenies
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2005-09-06) Diniz, Leandro E C; Sakiyama, Ney S; Caixeta, Eveline T; Oliveira, Antonio Carlos B de; Zambolim, Eunize M; Loureiro, Marcelo E; Pereira, Antonio A; Zambolim, Laércio
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua is a parasite which attacks the Arabica coffee tree (Coffea sp.) and its eradication from infested areas is practically impossible. The wide dissemination of this nematode across coffee plantations in the south of the state of Minas Gerais has been causing great damage to the coffee producers of the area. Previous studies showed that the simple inheritance gene present in C. canephora, designated Mex-1, controls M. exigua resistance. Some genetic breeding programs have developed resistant Arabica coffee lines through the introgression of this gene. To confirm the introgression, twenty-one Icatu lines were analyzed and compared to two resistant (“Iapar 59” and “Híbrido de Timor”) and one susceptible cultivar (Catuaí). Among the AFLP markers used, five confirmed the presence of the introgressed fragment associated to Mex-1 resistance, showing that this marker can be used in marker-assisted selection.
Chemical diversity in coffee species of genebank of Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2005-09-20) Aguiar, Adriano Tosoni da Eira; Fazuoli, Luiz Carlos; Salva, Terezinha de Jesus Garcia; Favarin, José Laércio
The objective of this work was to group different coffee species present in the genebank of the Instituto Agronômico by using some chemical variables. A total of thirty-nine plants belonging to seven species were analyzed for chemical seed components (soluble solids, lipids, trigonelline, chlorogenic acids and caffeine). The results evidenced that species could be grouped by lipids, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline and caffeine. The existence of great variation among and within species ranging from 24.12 to 30.65% for soluble solids; 8.68 to 17.49% for lipids; 0.32 to 2.15% for trigonelline; 2.91 to 6.38% for chlorogenic acid and 0.80 to 2.50% for caffeine was also observed, indicating the possibility to select plants of interest for the improvement of cultivated coffee species.
Estimates of genetic parameters in Arabic coffee derived from the Timor hybrid
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2007-06-30) Mistro, Júlio César; Fazuoli, Luiz Carlos; Gallo, Paulo Boller; Oliveira, Antonio Carlos Baião de; Toma-Braghini, Masako; Silvarolla, Maria Bernadete
Genetic parameters of Arabic coffee progenies derived from the cross Villa Sarchi x Timor hybrid were estimated in order to evaluate their potential for improvement. The experiment was installed in a random block design with ten treatments, eight replicates and eight plants per plot. The parameters cherry yield, plant height, canopy diameter, seed types and sizes were estimated. Results demonstrated significant differences between treatments for all traits. Greatest yield gains were achieved when the selection was performed based on plot means and in years of high yields. The variation index b was the best indicator of genetic variability. The progenies IAC 3786. IAC 3788, IAC 4094, IAC 4095, IAC 3425, and IAC 3429 were outstanding regarding the evaluated agronomic traits, representing progenies of high agronomic potential. All progenies presented leaf rust resistance.
Partial map of Coffea arabica L. and recovery of the recurrent parent in backcross progenies
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2007-06-30) Oliveira, Antonio Carlos Baião de; Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Caixeta, Eveline Teixeira; Zambolim, Eunize Maciel; Rufino, Raphael José Nascif; Zambolim, Laércio
A partial map of Coffea arabica L. was constructed based on a backcross population and RAPD markers. From a total of 178 markers evaluated, only 134 that segregated 1:1 (P>0.05) were used to develop the map. Seventeen markers were not linked, while 117 formed 11 linkage groups, covering a genome distance of 803.2 cM. The maximum distance between adjacent markers was 26.9 cM, and only seven intervals exceeded 20 cM. The markers were further used for assisted selection of the plants closest to the recurrent parent, to accelerate the introgression of rust resistance genes in the coffee breeding program. Three BC1 plants resistant to coffee leaf rust and with high genetic similarity to ?Catuaí? were selected and integrated in the following backcross cycles.
Inter-trait relations for direct and indirect selection in coffee
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2008-06-09) Ferrão, Romário Gava; Ferreira, Adésio; Cruz, Cosme Damião; Cecon, Paulo Roberto; Ferrão, Maria Amélia Gava; Fonseca, Aymbiré Francisco Almeida da; Carneiro, Pedro Crescêncio de Souza; Silva, Marcia Flores da
The purpose of this study was to verify the possibility of using direct selection in nine traits underlying indirect selection for yield and determine which traits should participate in the selection process. Data of 40 Conilon coffee genotypes were analyzed in two experiments in the growing seasons of 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 in random blocks with four and six replications. The significance of phenotypic associations was evaluated by the t test and the genotypic and environmental associations by bootstrap resampling. The genotypic associations were higher than the phenotypic, indicating a prevailing influence of the genotypic over the environmental effects in the relationship between significant traits; equal signs indicated a lack of contrary action among the effects. The traits related to cycle; yield; ratio of fresh ripe cherries to clean coffee; empty or flat grains; and sieve 17 should be maintained in the selection, evaluation and study of genetic divergence. The estimated gains in grain yield by indirect selection for any trait studied are not satisfactory.
Isolation, characterization and amplification of simple sequence repeat loci in coffee
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2008-10-09) Cristancho, Marco-Aurelio; Gaitán, Álvaro-León
Simple sequence repeat (microsatellite) loci in coffee were identified in clones isolated from enriched and random genomic libraries. It was shown that coffee is a plant species with low microsatellite frequency. However, the average distance between two loci, estimated at 127kb for poly (AG), is one of the shortest of all plant genomes. In contrast, the distance between two poly (AC) loci, estimated at 769kb, is one of the largest in plant genomes. Coffee (AC)n microsatellites are frequently associated with other microsatellites, mainly (AT)n motifs, while (AG)n microsatellites are not normally associated with other microsatellites and have a higher number of perfect motifs. Dinucleotide repeats (AG) and (AC) were found in ATrich regions in coffee. Sequence analysis of (AC)n microsatellites identified in coffee revealed the possible association of these repeated elements with miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs). In addition, some of the evaluated SSR markers produced transposon-like amplification patterns in tetraploid genotypes. Of 12 SSR markers developed, nine were polymorphic in diploid genotypes while 5 were polymorphic in tetraploid genotypes, confirming a greater genetic diversity in diploid species.
Genetic divergence in Conilon coffee revealed by RAPD markers
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2009) Ferrão, Maria Amélia Gava; Fonseca, Aymbiré Francisco Almeida da; Ferrão, Romário Gava; Barbosa, Wellington Marota; Souza, Elaine Manelli Riva
This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability of 49 Coffea canephora clones of the breeding program of the Capixaba Institute of Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (Incaper) based on RAPD markers. Thirty-one primers were used with polymorphism patterns that generated 333 markers, of which 231 (69.4%) were polymorphic. The group of genotypes based on the UPGMA algorithm and Tocher optimization methods detected high divergence in the genotypes. It was found that the component clones of each clone variety recommended by Incaper are distributed in various genetically dissimilar groups, in spite of common phenotypic traits. The relatively wide genetic diversity observed here demonstrates the importance of hybridizations between these germplasms. The RAPD markers efficiently estimated the genetic divergence in the 49 C. canephora genotypes studied.
Polymorphic information content of SSR markers for Coffea spp.
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2010) Caixeta, Eveline Teixera; Missio, Robson Fernando; Zambolim, Eunize Maciel; Zambolim, Laércio; Cruz, Cosme Damião; Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu
Thirty-three coffee SSR primers from enriched genomic library with (GT)15 and (AGG)10 repeats were analyzed in 24 coffee tree accessions. Twenty-two primers were polymorphic among accessions; the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 13, with the mean number of 5.1 alleles per primer. PIC values ranged from 0.08 to 0.79. The highest mean PIC values were found for C. canephora (0.46), and the lowest values for C. arabica (0.22) and triploids (0.22) accessions. The polymorphic SSR markers used in this study were useful for genetic fingerprinting in the coffee tree, especially in the C. canephora and the leaf rust resistant arabica cultivars.
Breeding potential and genetic diversity of “Híbrido do Timor” coffee evaluated by molecular markers
(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2010-06-20) Setotaw, Tesfahun Alemu; Caixeta, Eveline Teixeira; Pena, Guilherme Ferreira; Zambolim, Eunize Maciel; Pereira, Antonio Alves; Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu
AFLP, RAPD and SSR molecular markers were used to study the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Híbrido de Timor germplasm. The principal coordinate analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis based on genetic dissimilarity of Jaccard, Bayesian model-based cluster analysis, percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon’s information index and Nei gene diversity were employed to assess the genetic diversity. The analyses demonstrated a high genetic diversity among Híbrido de Timor accessions. UPGMA and Bayesian cluster analyses grouped the accessions into three clusters. The genetic structure of Híbrido de Timor is reported. The management of Híbrido de Timor germplasm variability and its potential use in breeding programs are discussed.