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Item European strategic trade policy and Brazilian export growth during the nineteenth century(Departamento de Economia, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo (FEA-USP), 2022-04-04) Absell, Christopher DavidUntil the Amazonian rubber boom, cane sugar and coffee were the two most important export commodities for Brazil during the nineteenth century. Despite inherent differences in methods of cultivation, both sugar and coffee at once benefitted and suffered from the characteristics of Brazil’s factor endowment in land, labour and capital. Yet these two export commodities demonstrated divergent growth patterns across the nineteenth century. The difference was not one of relative productivity and thus price competitiveness disadvantage, but of the imperfectly competitive nature of the international market for each commodity. European governments actively practised strategic trade policy to transfer profits from foreign to domestic or colonial firms. These market distortions were exogenous, imposed by consumer markets, and took the form of European colonial tariff preferences and subsidies to domestic production. Coffee suffered less from imperfect competition, thus remaining more profitable to Brazilian agricultural producers in the long run.Item Transmission of Leishmania in coffee plantations of Minas Gerais, Brazil(Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, 2001-12-06) Alexander, Bruce; Oliveria, Emerson Barbosa de; Haigh, Emily; Almeida, Lourenço Leal deTransmission of Leishmania was studied in 27 coffee plantations in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. Eighteen females and six males (11.6% of the people tested), aged between 7-65 gave a positive response to the Montenegro skin test. Awareness of sand flies based on the ability of respondents to identify the insects using up to seven predetermined characteristics was significantly greater among inhabitants of houses occupied by at least one Mn+ve individual. Five species of phlebotomine sand fly, including three suspected Leishmania vectors, were collected within plantations under three different cultivation systems. Four of these species i.e., Lu. fischeri (Pinto 1926), Lu. migonei (França 1920), Lu. misionensis (Castro 1959) and Lutzomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho 1939) were collected in an organic plantation and the last of these was also present in the other two plantation types. The remaining species, Lu. intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912), was collected in plantations under both the "adensado" and "convencional" systems. The results of this study indicate that transmission of Leishmania to man in coffee-growing areas of Minas Gerais may involve phlebotomine sand flies that inhabit plantations.Item Ocorrência de Meloidogyne paranaensis em cafeeiros na região do Alto Paranaíba em Minas Gerais(Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia (SBF), 2003-03-24) Castro, José M. C.; Campos, Vicente P.; Naves, Rosemeire L.Coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations showing symptoms of decline, with peeled and rough roots and fewer side rootlets were observed in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Meloidogyne spp. females were obtained from the thicker roots and processed for perineal patterns and α-esterase electrophoresis analysis. Meloidogyne paranaensis was determined to be the main cause of the decline. The incidende and field symptom patterns found were similar to those observed on coffee plantations in the State of São Paulo and Paraná, where most damage caused by M. paranaensis has been reported.Item The production of protective earth-based mortars for earth constructions in southeastern Brazil during the 19th century coffee economy(Museu Paulista, Universidade de São Paulo, 2022-05-16) Cavicchioli, Andrea; Sant'Anna, Lucy GomesThe study of materials used in ancient buildings provides a means to shed light on traditional building practices of past societies, but can serve as inspiration to tackle challenges faced by the current generation. Characterising earth-based structures and finishing elements is part of this mission, especially at a time when earthen architecture is the subject of renewed interest due to its many advantages, particularly in terms of sustainability. This paper considers a set of historical earthen houses built during the first phase of the coffee economy (1820-1880) in the middle Paraíba do Sul River valley, in southeastern Brazil. Physical (colour and texture) and chemical (FTIR, TGA, XRF, and XRD) analyses performed on a large set of mortar and local soil samples collected in the region formed the basis for discussing possible soil selection criteria as raw materials, texture solutions, and the stabilisation strategy of the final product. This last aspect implied the addition of small quantities of lime, in the case of external renders and more sporadically in plasters, without the use of fibres or organic additives. Chemical data and historical sources suggest that the raw materials used for this purpose were probably brought to the region from coastal areas.Item Caracterização morfológica de espécies de Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) associadas a cultivos de café (Coffea arabica L.), milho (Zea mays L.) e erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.)(Sociedade Brasileira De Entomologia, 2003) Lara, Rogéria Inês Rosa; Freitas, Sérgio deMorphologic characterization of the Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 species (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) associated to the cultivations of coffee (Coffea arabica L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.). The predators were collected in mate crop in Cascavel and São Mateus do Sul, Paraná, Brazil and some other additional specimens in coffee and maize crops in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Illustrations obtained by SEM are given by the first time to the principal structures. Three species of Hemerobius were identified: H. bolivari Banks, 1910; H. domingensis Banks, 1941 and H. gaitoi Monserrat, 1996. H. domingensis is recorded for the first time to Brazil.