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Item MGS Guaiçara and MGS Vereda: Coffea arabica cultivars resistant to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne paranaensis(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2022-09-01) Salgado, Sônia Maria de Lima; Fatobene, Bárbhara Joana dos Reis; Pereira, Antonio Alves; Abrahão, Juliana Costa de Rezende; Botelho, Cesar Elias; Carvalho, Gladyston Rodrigues; Oliveira, Antônio Carlos Baião de; Ferreira, André Dominghetti; Figueiredo, Vanessa Castro; Vilela, Diego Junior Martins; Luz, Silvana Ramlow Otto Teixeira da; Andrade, Vinicius TeixeiraMGS Guaiçara e MGS Vereda are resistant to Meloidogyne paranaensis, one of the most aggressive nematode parasites of coffee. MGS Vereda is an early maturation cultivar, whereas MGS Guaiçara has a medium maturation cycle. Both cultivars produce red fruit, have high size, and high yield potential in infested areas.Item 16S metabarcoding analysis reveals the influence of organic and conventional farming practices on bacterial communities from the rhizospheric of Coffea arabica L.(Instituto Internacional de Ecologia, 2023-11-03) Andrade, P. H. M.; Machado, P. C.; Paula, A. F.; Paganin, A. C. L.; Rezende, G. S.; Matheucci Jr., E.; Carvalho, L. M.; Freire, C. C. M.; Cunha, A. F.; Lacava, P. T.Coffea sp. is cultivated in many tropical countries. Brazil has always adopted intensive agricultural practices, but organic coffee farming is an alternative system based on the non-use of agrochemicals and the rational management of soils. Metabarcoding 16S analysis using next-generation sequencing has been developed to identify and compare the diversity of the Coffea arabica L. rhizospheric bacterial community in two farming areas in São Paulo, Brazil. Dourado uses conventional farming, while Ribeirão Corrente uses organic. We found broad taxonomic composition, with sequences from 24 phyla, 55 classes, 61 orders, 146 families, and 337genus. The three most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria (38.27%), Actinobacteria (15.56%), and Acidobacteria (16.10%). In organic farming, the top 3 were the family Sphingomonadaceae, order Rhizobiales, genus Nocardioides, and Gp6. The genus Gp2 and the phylum Candidatus Saccharibacteria were the most abundant OTUs exclusively present in conventional farming. In the organic farming practice, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were also present among the exclusive OTUs; we also found OTUs belonging to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia. Our study indicates a positive effect of organic farming on microbial communities. Fertilization may directly affect soil microbiota, suggesting that a large and active microbial community low in functional diversity might not adapt to new climatic conditions. A diverse community could provide better resilience to environmental changes, improving the productivity of this important crop.Item Variability of volatile compound profiles during two coffee fermentation times in northern Peru using SPME-GC/MS(Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos – ITAL, 2023-05-15) Perez, Jhordy; Calderon, Martha Steffany; Bustamante, Danilo Edson; Caetano, Aline Camila; Mendoza, Jani Elisabet; Fernandez-Güimac, Samia Littly JahavelyThe time of the fermentation process of coffee from northern Peru is variable (9 to 48 hours) since coffee farmers do not use standardized processes, causing a variety of coffee qualities. This study aimed to identify volatile compounds in both short (9 hours) and long (32 hours) coffee fermentation processes from coffee farms in northern Peru using Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) to associate the coffee quality and diversity of volatile compounds. Sensory analyses showed that the short fermentation process (SFP) scored 77.8 ± 0.39 and had chocolate, wood, cardboard, dry, fatty and rough notes, while the long fermentation process (LFP) showed higher punctuations 85.5 ± 3.16 and citrus, fruity, floral, caramel and chocolate sensory attributes. A total of 90 compounds were found in the SFP, whereas 141 compounds were identified in the LFP. Significant differences in the relative abundance of 14 chemical compounds were reported in the SFP and LFP (p < 0.05). From these results, the presence of benzaldehyde, methional, hexanal, 2-heptanone, pentadecane, 1-butanol-3-methyl-acetate, and benzene-acetic acid ethyl ester seems to impact the quality of coffee. The analysis of similarities showed that coffee samples (5 h and 9 h) during the SFP were very variable, whereas coffee samples from LFP showed some tendency to group, which may be related to the difference in altitude and temperature in coffee farms making comparison between them difficult. In addition, this study highlights the complex relationship between coffee fermentation and flavour and the influence of several factors and variables that may affect the composition of flavour and aroma precursors in green coffee beans obtained from wet fermentation.Item European strategic trade policy and Brazilian export growth during the nineteenth century(Departamento de Economia, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo (FEA-USP), 2022-04-04) Absell, Christopher DavidUntil the Amazonian rubber boom, cane sugar and coffee were the two most important export commodities for Brazil during the nineteenth century. Despite inherent differences in methods of cultivation, both sugar and coffee at once benefitted and suffered from the characteristics of Brazil’s factor endowment in land, labour and capital. Yet these two export commodities demonstrated divergent growth patterns across the nineteenth century. The difference was not one of relative productivity and thus price competitiveness disadvantage, but of the imperfectly competitive nature of the international market for each commodity. European governments actively practised strategic trade policy to transfer profits from foreign to domestic or colonial firms. These market distortions were exogenous, imposed by consumer markets, and took the form of European colonial tariff preferences and subsidies to domestic production. Coffee suffered less from imperfect competition, thus remaining more profitable to Brazilian agricultural producers in the long run.Item Land Use and Changes in Soil Morphology and Physical-Chemical Properties in Southern Amazon(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2017) Melo, Vander Freitas; Orrutéa, Alessandro Góis; Motta, Antônio Carlos Vargas; Testoni, Samara AlvesMany Amazonian farmers use the slash-and-burn method rather than fertilization for crop production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in the morphological, physical, and chemical properties of naturally fertile Inceptisols after conversion from native forest to different uses in southern Amazonia, Brazil. Land covered by dense native forest (NF) was split into four areas of 1.0 ha each. Three areas were slashed and burned and then cultivated for 11 years with coffee (CO), secondary forest (SF), and pasture (PA). Four soil profiles were sampled in each treatment (four uses × four replicates). The mean value distribution of each physical and chemical analysis was determined for different depths, and standard error bars were placed to display significant differences among treatments. Results showed that morphology and physical properties were negatively affected after the establishment of PA and CO: a reduction in the thickness of the A horizon and in aggregate stability, a decrease in total porosity and macroporosity, and an increase in aggregate size and bulk density. Soil bulk density (SBD), geometric mean diameter of water-stable aggregates (GMD), and microporosity (SMi) were higher in soil under pasture as a consequence of more intense soil surface compaction. Native and secondary forests were the only treatments that showed granular structures in the A horizon. Significant differences between native forest and secondary forest were mainly found in the top soil layer for total porosity (STP) (NF>SF), macroporosity (SMa) (NF>SF), SBD (NF>SF) and GMD (SF>NF). Phosphorus contents in the A horizon increased from 6.2 to 21.5 mg kg-1 in PA and to 27.2 mg kg-1 in SF. Soil under coffee cultivation exhibited the lowest levels of Ca2+ and sum of bases in surface horizons. In all slash-and-burn areas there was a reduction in the C stock (Mg ha-1) of the A horizon: native forest 6.3, secondary forest 4.5, pasture 3.3, and coffee 3.1.Item Single-locus inheritance and partial linkage map of Coffea arabica L.(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2004) Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Teixeira-Cabral, Terezinha Aparecida; Zambolim, Laércio; Pereira, Antonio Alves; Schuster, IvanIn a backcross population of the allotetraploid Coffea arabica L. the loci with diploid-like segregation were predominant, although a few loci with tetrassomic inheritance or distortion of the expected segregation were also observed. A partial genetic map of Coffea arabica L. was constructed with 82 RAPD loci scored in this backcross population of 104 individuals. It covered the estimated length of 540.6 cM in eight linkage groups. The linkage group size was highly correlated with the number of markers, indicating random distribution of the markers in the groups. The average distance between two markers was 7.3 cM.Item Prediction of selection gains in Coffea canephora based on factorial scores(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2004) Ferreira, Adésio; Cecon, Paulo Roberto; Cruz, Cosme Damião; Ferrão, Romário Gava; Silva, Marcia Flores da; Fonseca, Aymbiré Francisco Almeida da; Ferrão, Maria Amélia GavaThe technique of factor analysis in the simultaneous selection of traits and prediction of genetic gains was evaluated in Coffea canephora var. conilon. Fourteen traits in 40 assessed genotypes were evaluated at two sites. The technique was used aiming at the structuring and simplification of the data, without information loss and with biological interpretation. The experimental design was of randomized blocks in four replications, each plot containing two useful plants. The technique was efficient for the data simplification and structuring. Moreover, the estimates of the predicted gains in the traits involved in the factors showed magnitude near the direct selection gain, attesting the suitability of the technique and its use in improvement programs of the species.Item MGS Guaiçara and MGS Vereda: Coffea arabica cultivars resistant to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne paranaensis(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2022-09-01) Abrahão, Juliana Costa de Rezende; Salgado, Sônia Maria de Lima; Fatobene, Bárbhara Joana dos Reis; Pereira, Antonio Alves; Botelho, Cesar Elias; Carvalho, Gladyston Rodrigues; Oliveira, Antônio Carlos Baião de; Ferreira, André Dominghetti; Figueiredo, Vanessa Castro; Vilela, Diego Junior Martins; Luz, Silvana Ramlow Otto Teixeira da; Andrade, Vinicius TeixeiraMGS Guaiçara e MGS Vereda are resistant to Meloidogyne paranaensis, one of the most aggressive nematode parasites of coffee. MGS Vereda is an early maturation cultivar, whereas MGS Guaiçara has a medium maturation cycle. Both cultivars produce red fruit, have high size, and high yield potential in infested areas.Item Grafted young coffee tree growth in a greenhouse(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2002) Sakiyama, Ney Sussumu; Tomaz, Marcelo Antonio; Martinez, Hermínia Emília Pietro; Pereira, Antonio Alves; Zambolim, Laércio; Cruz, Cosme DamiãoGrafted young coffee trees were observed in a greenhouse to study the effect of different scions and rootstocks on plant growth. Four Coffea arabica L. genotypes were used as scions: the cultivars Catuaí Vermelho IAC 15 and Oeiras MG 6851, and the progenies H 419-10-3-1-5 and H 514-5-5-3. They were also used as nongrafted control plants. Four genotypes were used as rootstocks: ‘Apoatã IAC 2258’ (C. canephora), ‘Conillon’ (C. canephora), ‘Emcapa 8141’ (C. canephora), and ‘Mundo Novo IAC 376-4’ (C. arabica). ‘Mundo Novo IAC 376-4’ and ‘Apoatã IAC 2258’ were classified as good rootstocks, while ‘Oeiras MG 6851’ and “H 419- 10-3-1-5” performed well as non-grafted plants. The diallel analysis statistical model was efficient to evaluate the general combination ability of the rootstocks and, therefore, recommended for rootstock selection procedures in breeding programs.Item Isolation, characterization and amplification of simple sequence repeat loci in coffee(Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2008-10-09) Cristancho, Marco-Aurelio; Gaitán, Álvaro-LeónSimple sequence repeat (microsatellite) loci in coffee were identified in clones isolated from enriched and random genomic libraries. It was shown that coffee is a plant species with low microsatellite frequency. However, the average distance between two loci, estimated at 127kb for poly (AG), is one of the shortest of all plant genomes. In contrast, the distance between two poly (AC) loci, estimated at 769kb, is one of the largest in plant genomes. Coffee (AC)n microsatellites are frequently associated with other microsatellites, mainly (AT)n motifs, while (AG)n microsatellites are not normally associated with other microsatellites and have a higher number of perfect motifs. Dinucleotide repeats (AG) and (AC) were found in ATrich regions in coffee. Sequence analysis of (AC)n microsatellites identified in coffee revealed the possible association of these repeated elements with miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs). In addition, some of the evaluated SSR markers produced transposon-like amplification patterns in tetraploid genotypes. Of 12 SSR markers developed, nine were polymorphic in diploid genotypes while 5 were polymorphic in tetraploid genotypes, confirming a greater genetic diversity in diploid species.