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Item Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation for coffee seedling production with commercial and conventional substrates(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 2023-05-22) Silveira, Adriana Parada Dias; Tristão, Fabrício Sales Massafera; Fernandes, Ana Olívia; Andrade, Sara Adrian Lopez; Cipriano, Mateus Aparecido PereiraCoffee seedlings are commonly produced on substrate composed of a mixture of soil and cattle manure, supplemented with chemical fertilizers. Alternatives to reduce production costs and produce seedlings of greater quality and health include the use of commercial organic substrates, which require less handling. The use of beneficial microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be considered a good alternative for production of more vigorous coffee seedlings. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of AMF isolates on coffee seedlings development in a commercial organic substrate (based on coconut fiber) and conventional substrate (mixture composed of soil and cattle manure compost). Ten AMF were tested: Rhizophagus irregularis, Glomus macrocarpum, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus clarus, Glomus spp., Gigaspora margarita, Acaulospora morrowiae, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora spp., and Dentiscutata heterogamma. Plant growth, shoot P content, mycorrhizal colonization, extraradical mycelium length, phosphatase activity, and photosynthetic pigments were evaluated. The effects of mycorrhization depended on both the inoculated fungal species and the substrate for seedling cultivation. Inoculation of G. margarita, Acaulospora spp., and Glomus spp. in the conventional substrate conferred the best growth plant responses, increasing shoot biomass by 160 to 320%. In the commercial substrate, the most efficient AMF were R. clarus, Glomus spp, A. morrowiae and A. scrobiculata, with up to 149% of shoot biomass increase. The commercial organic substrate and the inoculation of some of the AMF isolates were highly beneficial to coffee seedlings development and can replace the use of the conventional substrate. These results open new opportunities for the use of AMF as an inoculant to improve coffee seedling production in commercial organic substrates.Item Multiple-trait model by Bayesian inference applied to environment efficient Coffea arabica with low-nitrogen nutrient(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 2023-04-14) Silva Júnior, Antônio Carlos da; Moura, Waldênia de Melo; Torres, Lívia Gomes; Santos, Iara Gonçalves dos; Silva, Michele Jorge da; Azevedo, Camila Ferreira; Cruz, Cosme DamiãoIdentifying Coffea arabica cultivars that are more efficient in the use of nitrogen is an important strategy and a necessity in the context of environmental and economic impacts attributed to excessive nitrogen fertilization. Although Coffea arabica breeding data have a multi-trait structure, they are often analyzed under a single trait structure. Thus, the objectives of this study were to use a Bayesian multitrait model, to estimate heritability in the broad sense, and to select arabica coffee cultivars with better genetic potential (desirable agronomic traits) in nitrogen-restricted cultivation. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with 20 arabica coffee cultivars grown in a nutrient solution with low-nitrogen content (1.5 mM). The experimental design used was in randomized blocks with three replications. Six agromorphological traits of the arabica coffee breeding program and five nutritional efficiency indices were used. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm was used to estimate genetic parameters and genetic values. The agromorphological traits were considered highly heritable, with a credibility interval (95% probability): H2 = 0.9538 – 5.89E-01. The Bayesian multitrait model presents an adequate strategy for the genetic improvement of arabica coffee grown in low-nitrogen concentrations. Coffee arabica cultivars Icatu Precoce 3282, Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045, Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474, Tupi IAC 1669-33, Catucaí 785/15, Caturra Vermelho and Obatã IAC 1669/20 demonstrated greater potential for cultivation in low-nitrogen concentration.Item High rates of agricultural gypsum affect the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal community and coffee yield(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 2020) Cogo, Franciane Diniz; Saggin Júnior, Orivaldo José; Guimarães, Paulo Tácito Gontijo; Siqueira, José Oswaldo; Carneiro, Marco Aurélio CarboneHigh rates of agricultural gypsum, above the recommended levels, have been used on a regular basis to deepen plant roots and to alleviate recurrent water stress in Cerrado areas. However, very little is known about the consequences of this practice to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether or not applying high rates of agricultural gypsum affects the mycorrhizal fungi community, glomalin content and coffee yield. The study rates were: 0; 3.5; 7.0; 14 and 56 t·ha-1 of agricultural gypsum applied in the planting row of the coffee plantation on top of the previous recommended gypsum application. Samples were collected for analysis at the depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm at the end of dry and rainy seasons of the year. In the coffee plantation, 16 AMF species were identified. Gigaspora sp. and Glomus macrocarpum were dominant in all situations. The rate of 7 t·ha-1 favored greater diversity of AMF species and the rate of 56 t·ha-1 reduced AMF diversity and mycorrhizal colonization in deeper layers. In the rainy season, there was a linear decrease of easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP) levels as the agricultural gypsum rate was increased. Coffee yield was reduced with the highest gypsum rate (56 t·ha-1), even though the coffee plantation had higher phosphorus contents in beans and leaves. This may have resulted from a number of reasons, including a negative effect on the AMF community.Item Characterization and use efficiency of sparingly soluble fertilizer of boron and zinc for foliar application in coffee plants(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 2021) Macedo, Luiza Oliveira; Mattos-Jr, Dirceu; Jacobassi, Rodrigo Candido; Petená, Guilherme; Quaggio, José Antonio; Boaretto, Rodrigo MarcelliDeficiencies of boron and zinc occur in coffee plantations despite the many fertilizer sources offered by the industry for the agriculture. Sparingly soluble fertilizers (SSF) have been used in several countries for many years. However, their effectiveness when Applied to leaves is highly contested, and information about their use efficiency is still lacking. Experiments were set up to characterize the SSF of B and Zn according to particle size of fertilizers, and the spreading and retention of the particles in the leaf, comparing SSF (calcium borate, Zn oxide, and Zn borate) with soluble sources (boric acid and Zn sulfate) in four doses (mg.L-1): Experiment I (B 0, 130, 260, and 520), Experiment II (Zn 0, 200, 600, and 1,800), and experiment III (B 0, 43, 129, and 387, and Zn 0, 200, 600, and 1,800), to supply B and Zn for coffee plants. Microparticles of the SSF were found adhered to coffee leaves, and the Zn oxide was the one with the smallest particle size. SSFs were effective at increasing the Zn and B leaf concentrations in coffee. Dry matter of coffee increased 15% with applications of 270 mg.L-1 of B as calcium borate and 384 mg.L-1 of B as boric acid. Foliar application of Zn oxide at the dose of 1,800 mg.L-1 of Zn increased the leaf areas of the plants. High doses of Zn sulfate caused toxicity to coffee plants due to high saline concentrations. The microparticles found retained on the surface of the coffee leaves increased leaf concentration of B and Zn, which explained variations in the dry matter measurements and show the potential of the SSF for the development of fertilizers to improve the availability of micronutrients to coffee.Item Sistema radicular das principais leguminosas empregadas como adubo verde em cafezal(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 1952-07) Scaranari, H . J .; Infobzato, R .Root .systems of the following leguminous plants used for green manure in coffee plantations were studied :- Canavalia ensiformins D. C., Crotalaria juncea L., Styzolobium sp (Mucuna anã) and Glycine max (L). Merrill var. Otootan.. It was noted that the depth of the root system' of each one of the four, espécies is related id the height attained by the; plants. The deepest, root system was found to be thatf of Crotálaria juncea, followed by Canavalia esiformis, soybeans and mucuna anã. For coffee green manure purposes it is concluded that the four studied leguminous espécies can be used safely even having .most of their root system located in the first 30 cm of the soilItem Possível causa do insucesso de se cultivar cafeeiros adultos em soluções nutritivas do tipo Hoagland(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 1956-04) Mendes, Heli CamargoSince 1946 several attempts have been made to grow coffee plants (Coffea arabica L. var. bourbon (B. Rodr.) Choussy) in Hoagland's nutrient solution. Growth of the plants is quite satisfactory in the early stages, but a rather sudden decline followed by death usually occurs when they start flowering at the age of 3 or 4 years. Preliminary observations made following the addition and withdrawal of NH4NO3 and KCl (0,125 g/l each salt) to nutrient solutions in which coffee trees at the critical age were growing showred a correlation between the addition of these salts and a satis-factory growth of the plants. These observations suggested that the decline of coffee plants growing in Hoagland's nutrient solution when they begin to flower might result from an insufficiency in the reducing power of the roots during this period. In this case the roots would be unable to use the nitrates and nitrites that would thus become toxic to them. This possibility is being further investigated.Item Clorose das folhas do cafeeiro excelsa(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 1951-07) Costa, A. S.; Mendes, J. E. TeixeiraA type of leaf chlorosis is shown by plants of excelsa coffee growing in nursery beds in a lath house at the Instituto Agronômico, Campinas. Tests made with various elements showed that this type of chlorosis is due to iron deficiency. Seedling plants of arabica coffee growing in the same beds do not show chlorosis, but these symptoms are exhibited by arabica scions grafted on some excelsa rootstocks. Scions from chlorotic excelsa plants recover the normal color when grafted on arabica rootstock. Likewise, arabica scions that had become chlorotic after being grafted on excelsa rootstock recovered when transferred onto an arabica rootstock. Other grafting tests indicated that no pathological cause seems to be associated with this type of chlorosis, and that it is probably due to genetical characteristics of the excelsa root system that prevents the plants from absorbing enough iron from the soil imder marginal conditions.Item A absorção de elementos minerais pelo fruto do cafeeiro durante sua formação(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 1964-09) Moraes, Ferdinando Roberto Pupo de; Catani, Renato A.São apresentados dados da variação na concentração de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio no fruto do cafeeiro durante a sua formação, bem como das quantidades dos elementos absorvidos pelo fruto e da acumulação de matéria sêca em diversos estágios de seu desenvolvimento. A concentração dos elementos dosados foi sempre maior na flor que em qualquer outro estágio da maturação. O inverso ocorreu com a concentração de matéria sêca, em conseqüência da redução progressiva do teor de água no fruto. A acumulação de matéria sêca no fruto intensificou-se a partir do início do 4.° mês após o florescimento. O mesmo ocorreu com a absorção de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. Nôvo incremento na absorção de nitrogênio e potássio e no aumento do pêso sêco foi observado no 6º e no 7º mês após o florescimento. Nos dois meses que antecedem o estado final de maturação, o fruto do cafeeiro acumula ou elabora 43% do seu pêso sêco, absorvendo 49% do nitrogênio, 36% do fósforo e 39% do potássio, relativamente às quantidades que contém quando da maturação completa.Item Manutenção de cafezal com adubação exclusivamente mineral(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 1960-05) Franco, Coaracy M.; Lazzarini, Walter; Conagin, Armando; Reis, A. Junqueira; Moraes, Ferdinando R. Pupo deO presente estudo foi executado com o objetivo de pesquisar a possibilidade de aumentar a produtividade de cafèzais velhos, sem emprêgo de matéria orgânica trazida de fora. Foram estudados N, P, K, micronutrientes (zinco, cobre e boro) e adubação verde. Utilizou-se um delineamento fatorial 32 X 22, em blocos de 18 canteiros com nove plantas cada um, com bordadura de uma planta entre os canteiros. O ensaio foi instalado na Estação Experimental de Ribeirão Prêto, em um cafèzal com mais de 40 anos de idade, em terra-roxa-legítima, e cuja produção média nos quatro anos anteriores foi de 24 sacos de café em côco por mil pés. Obteve-se grande aumento de produção com o emprêgo de nitrogênio, devido não só às quantidades aplicados, mais elevadas do que as até então recomendadas, mas principalmente à sua aplicação parcelada. Os aumentos devidos ao nitrogênio na dose de 360 g de N por planta, na forma de sulfato de amônio, corresponderam a 6, 11, 13, 16 e 34 sacos de café em côco por mil pés, nos anos de 1954 a 1958. A dose mínima de potássio empregada foi de 120 g de K20 por planta. A dose de 240 g de K20 por planta ainda proporcionou um aumento de produção de 9% em relação à anterior. Não houve reação ao fósforo nem à adubação verde. A aplicação de micronutrientes (zinco, boro e cobre) fêz desaparecer os sintomas de deficiência de zinco, mas resultou em decréscimo significativo da produção. A aplicação do nitrogênio melhorou a coloração e o desenvolvimento da folhagem. Não houve influência dos outros fatôres sôbre o aspecto vegetativo das plantas.Item Levantamento do estado nutricional de cafezais de São Paulo, pela análise foliar. I- Solo Massapê-salmourão(Instituto Agronômico (IAC), 1967-03) Gallo, J. R.; Hiroce, Rúter; Coelho, F. A. Soares; Toledo, Sérgio V.Êste trabalho é o primeiro de uma série para o levantamento da situação geral de nutrição dos cafèzais nos principais tipos de solo do Estado de São Paulo. Foram colhidas amostras de folhas para análise em 107 cafèzais de 20 municípios, compreendendo as variedades Mundo Novo, Bourbon e Caturra, entre 5 e 10 anos de idade. Nas amostras foram determinados 12 elementos essenciais, e os resultados comparados com os níveis limiares conhecidos. As análises para determinação de N, B, Zn, Fe e Mg confirmaram os sintomas de deficiência observados no campo. Os resultados indicam que, para melhorar a produção nesse tipo de solo, deve ser dada atenção ao nitrogênio e boro.