Scientia Agrícola

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Estudo da influência da época de coleta dos ramos, no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de café (Coffea arabica L. CV "Mundo Novo")
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 1992-01) Ono, E.O.; Rodrigues, J.D.; Pinho, S.Z. de
Na propagação vegetativa através de estacas caulinares, a época de retirada dos ramos, que serão utilizados na confecção das estacas, tem grande influência sobre seu enraizamento. Outro fator de grande relevância é o tratamento auxínico, realizado nas estacas, que promove a formação de raízes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, verificar a ação das auxinas e do boro e a influência da época de coleta dos ramos de cafeeiro, sobre o enraizamento de ramos ortotrópicos semi-lenhosos de café (Coffea arabica L. cv "Mundo Novo"). Para tal, o experimento foi montado mensalmente, realizando-se as seguintes medidas , mediante coleta das estacas, após 90 dias do plantio: número de estacas enraizadas e número total de raízes formadas. À partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que, a melhor época de coleta dos ramos é na estação chuvosa. Além disso, tratamentos com NAA à 200 ppm mais boro, também promovem uma alta porcentagem de enraizamento. Descritores: estacas, café, enraizamento, auxinas, boro.
Interações entre auxinas e ácido bórico, no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Coffea arabica L. cv. Mundo Novo
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 1992-01) Ono, E.O.; Rodrigues, J.D.; Pinho, S.Z. do
O presente trabalho teve como finalidade, estudar o efeito de auxinas e do boro no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Coffea arabica L. cv. "Mundo Novo". As estacas foram retiradas de ramos ortotrópicos semi-lenhosos de cafeeiro, as quais foram tratadas durante 24 horas com soluções de IBA ou NAA e boro, e a mistura das três substâncias, resultando um total de 14 tratamentos. Para a avaliação do objetivo em questão, foram realizadas as seguintes observações, mediante coleta após 90 dias de plantio: número de estacas enraizadas e número de estacas com calos. Através dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, para obter um maior número de estacas enraizadas, é conveniente o tratamento com NAA à 100 ou 200 ppm mais boro. Descritores: cafeeiro, estacas, enraizamento, boro, IBA e NAA.
Avaliação da qualidade de frutos de café atacados por Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 1993-07) Cividanes, F.J.; Nakano, O.; Melo, M.
Foram usadas plantas de Coffea arabica L., variedade Catuaí Vermelho, localizadas no Campus da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - USP, Piracicaba,SP, para avaliação dos danos que Ceratitis capitata (Wied., 1824) pode causar aos frutos do cafeeiro. Os resultados mostraram que o ataque de C. capitula não causou queda prematura dos frutos, mas aumentou a queda de cerejas e foram encontradas, fortes evidências, com base na atividade da enzima polifenol oxidase e lixiviação de potássio, que cerejas atacadas podem produzir bebida de café de qualidade inferior.
Qualidade de grãos de café beneficiados em resposta à adubação potássica
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2002-01) Silva, Enilson de Barros; Nogueira, Francisco Dias; Guimarães, Paulo Tácito Gontijo
O clima e o solo tem elevada influência na qualidade dos grãos de café (Coffea arabica L.) beneficiado. Foram instalados dois experimentos sobre latossolo (Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico) com o objetivo de verificar a qualidade dos grãos de café beneficiados submetidos à adubação potássica em duas condições edafoclimáticas. Em ambos os locais, os experimentos foram delineados em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, utilizando-se três fontes de K: cloreto de potássio (KCl), sulfato de potássio (K 2 SO 4 ) e nitrato de potássio (KNO 3 ) nas parcelas e quatro doses de K (0, 100, 200 e 400 kg ha -1 ) aplicadas nas subparcelas com quatro repetições. Usou-se nos experimentos o cultivar Catuaí Vermelho no espaçamento 3,5 x 0,7 m, com uma planta por cova. As avaliações foram: atividade enzimática da polifenoloxidase, índice de coloração e açúcares totais. Os valores das características qualitativas dos grãos mostraram que a fonte KCl teve uma resposta inferior em termos de qualidade dos grãos em relação às fontes K 2 SO 4 e KNO 3 . Estas últimas fontes tiveram melhor resposta quando aplicadas nas condições de São Sebastião do Paraíso do que nas de Patrocínio. Em termos de doses aplicadas, os melhores resultados para qualidade dos grãos foram obtidos com as doses de 200 kg de K ha -1 na forma de KCl e K 2 SO 4 e 100 kg de K ha -1 na forma de KNO 3 .
Adição de Zn e absorção, translocação e utilização de Zn e P por cultivares de cafeeiro
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2002-07) Reis Jr, Roberto dos Anjos; Martinez, Hermínia E. P.
A crescente exigência de nutrientes, especialmente micronutrientes, pelos cultivares de café vem exigindo uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica desses nutrientes no sistema solo-planta. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de concentrações de Zn (0,4 ; 1,3 e 2,3 μmol Zn L -1 ) na solução nutritiva sobre o crescimento, produção de matéria seca, eficiência de absorção, translocação e utilização de Zn e P em dois cultivares de café (Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí e Coffea canephora cv. Conilon), foi realizado um experimento sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 3 × 2 (três doses de Zn e dois cultivares) com três repetições. Plantas de café dos dois cultivares estudados foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação, com solução nutritiva completa por 50 dias, após os quais receberam solução nutritiva modificada com três doses de Zn. Aos 114 dias após a transferência para a solução nutritiva modificada, as plantas foram coletadas e separadas em folhas superiores, inferiores, caule e raízes. Foram avaliadas altura do caule, número de ramificações laterais, área foliar, produção de matéria seca e conteúdos de P e Zn nas diversas partes da planta, além das eficiências de absorção, translocação e utilização de P e Zn. A dose 2,3 μmol Zn L -1 proporcionou os maiores valores para as características de crescimento avaliadas, tanto para o cultivar Catuaí, quanto para Conilon. Os maiores conteúdos de Zn observados no Catuaí indicam que este é mais exigente em Zn que o Conilon na fase de mudas. O Conilon apresentou menores eficiências de absorção e translocação e maior eficiência de utilização de Zn, refletindo sua menor demanda por este nutriente. As concentrações de Zn empregadas neste experimento não promoveram interação Zn-P.
Degradation of caffeine by microorganisms and potential use of decaffeinated coffee husk and pulp in animal feeding
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2002-10) Mazzafera, Paulo
Coffee husk and coffee pulp are coffee processing by-products. Coffee husk is obtained when harvested coffee is processed by the dry method, and coffee pulp is produced by the wet method. In Brazil, coffee is usually processed by the dry method, therefore an expressive amount of husk is obtained every year. Some of the husk is used as organic fertilizer but, other applications are very limited, mainly because it is a bulky product. The presence of tannins and caffeine diminish acceptability and palatability of husk by animals. This review discuss degradation of caffeine by microorganisms, with special attention to bacterial, biological decaffeination of coffee husk and pulp and its subsequent use on animal feeding. The known biochemical routes of caffeine degradation by microorganisms are initially discussed; problems concerning physiological effects in animals, focusing on the limitations imposed by caffeine as an antiphysiological component are raised; the use of microorganisms to decaffeinate coffee husk and pulp is discussed. The discussions offer a view on decreasing caffeine content of coffee husk and pulp, which would allow the use of larger amounts of these products in animal feeding, partially replacing traditional components such as cereal grains.
Extração e dosagem da atividade da polifenoloxidase do café
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2002-10) Mazzafera, Paulo; Gonçalves, Kátia Viviane; Shimizu, Milton Massao
A atividade de polifenoloxidase (PFO) tem sido usada como indicadora da qualidade de bebida de café. Foram feitas comparações entre o método tradicionalmente usado para extração de polifenoloxidase de café e outro, onde impediu-se a oxidação de fenóis durante a extração, com posterior eliminação por filtração em coluna de exclusão. Um método intermediário entre os dois também foi testado. As medições de atividade foram feitas por espectrofotometria e por consumo de O 2 . Os métodos tradicionais de extração e dosagem da atividade de PFO sofrem forte interferência de fenóis presentes no extrato, não permitindo reprodução dos dados publicados na literatura. Por espectrofotometria foi possível diferenciação apenas entre café de bebida Mole de cafés de bebida Dura e Rio, mas não entre as duas últimas. Café de melhor qualidade, bebida Mole, apresentou maior atividade de PFO. Extração de PFO na presença de antioxidantes e complexadores de fenóis, seguida pela eliminação dos mesmos por cromatografia de exclusão é essencial para uma avaliação correta. Entretanto, usando este procedimento e consumo de O 2 , a atividade de PFO também não diferenciou os três cafés testados, exceto o Mole dos dois outros. No lugar de DOPA (3,4 – dihidroxifenilalanina), usado comumente nas dosagens por espectrofotometria, sugere-se o emprego de ácido clorogênico (ácido 5-cafeoilquínico).
Invertase and sucrose synthase activities in coffee plants sprayed with sucrose solution
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2003-04) Silva, José Carlos da; Alves, José Donizeti; Alvarenga, Amauri Alves de; Magalhães, Marcelo Murad; Livramento, Dárlan Einstein do; Fries, Daniela Deitos
One management practice of which the efficiency has not yet been scientifically tested is spraying coffee plants with diluted sucrose solutions as a source of carbon for the plant. This paper evaluates the effect of foliar spraying with sugar on the endogenous level of carbohydrates and on the activities of invertase and sucrose synthase in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seedlings with reduced (low) and high (normal) levels of carbon reserve. The concentrations used were 0.5 and 1.0% sucrose, and water as a control. The use of sucrose at 1.0% caused an increase in the concentration of total soluble sugars in depauperate plants, as well as increased the activity of the following enzymes: cell wall and vacuole acid invertase, neutral cytosol invertase and sucrose synthase. In plants with high level of carbon reserve, no increments in total soluble sugar levels or in enzymatic activity were observed. Regardless of treatments or plants physiological state, no differences in transpiration or stomatal conductance were observed, demonstrating the stomatal control of transpiration. Photosynthesis was stimulated with the use of 0.5 and 1.0 % sucrose only in depauperate plants. Coffee seedling spraying with sucrose is only efficient for depauperate plants, at the concentration of 1.0%.
Compatibility between the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana and insecticides used in coffee plantations
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2003-10) Oliveira, Carolina Natali de; Neves, Pedro Manuel Oliveira Janeiro; Kawazoe, Lídio Sueki
Microbial control in integrated pest management (IPM) programs of coffee plantations is an important factor for the reduction of pest population densities. The use of selective pesticides can be associated with entomopathogens, increasing the efficiency of the control and reducing the use of required insecticides. The in vitro fungitoxic effect of insecticide formulations of Thiamethoxam, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin, Alpha- Cypermethrin, Triazophos, Chlorpyrifos, Fenpropathrin and Endosulfan and Beauveria bassiana (CG 425 strain) was evaluated at three concentrations (FR = average field recommendation; 0.5 × FR and 2 × FR). Effects of these products on conidia germination, vegetative growth and sporulation were compared. Only five insecticides, at the FR concentration, promoted conidia viability higher than 60%. Viability should be considered the most important factor to be evaluated since it is the first step of the infection process. The insecticide formulations of Alpha-Cypermethrin, Thiamethoxam and Cyfluthrin caused the lower inhibition level on conidia germination at the two lower concentrations, with no difference in relation to the control. With respect to vegetative growth analysis, Thiamethoxam at the two lower concentrations was not found to cause radial growth inhibition. Thiamethoxam caused the smallest inhibition level with regard to conidia production. The use of Alpha-Cypermethrin and Thiamethoxam formulations in coffee IPM programs for a B. bassiana inoculum conservation strategy are recommended, since these products were compatible with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (CG 425), an important natural control agent of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei.
Brachiaria decumbens supresses the initial growth of Coffea arabica
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2004-11) Dias, Guilherme Faus da Silva; Alves, Pedro Luís da Costa Aguiar; Dias, Tomás Carneiro de Souza
Brachiaria decumbens vem se tornando uma das plantas daninhas mais freqüentes na infestação de cafezais em formação, pois além de sua elevada agressividade e dificuldade de controle, está ocorrendo expansão das áreas cafeeiras para locais anteriormente ocupados por pastagens. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos desta planta daninha, em densidades crescentes, sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de café (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catuaí Amarelo). O experimento foi conduzido em condições semi-controladas, sem limitação de água. Uma muda de café foi transplantada em caixa de amianto com capacidade para 70 L, preenchida com terra coletada da camada arável de um Latossolo Vermelho. Os tratamentos constaram de diferentes densidades de transplante de capim-braquiária, a saber: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48 e 60 plantas m - 2. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período experimental de 120 dias após o plantio (DAP). Todas as características analisadas foram afetadas negativamente pela interferência da planta daninha, mas as que se mostraram mais sensíveis a essa interferência foram à área foliar e a biomassa seca das folhas. Houve redução de 41,8% na área foliar do cafeeiro quando conviveu com o capim-braquiária a partir da densidade de 8 plantas m - 2, chegando a 68,7% na densidade de 60 plantas m -2 . Também a partir da densidade de 8 plantas m -2 , a redução na biomassa seca das folhas em relação à testemunha foi de 41,4% e na densidade de 60 plantas m - 2 chegou a 72,8%. Brachiaria decumbens, a partir da densidade de 8 plantas m - 2, interfere negativamente sobre as mudas de café até os 120 DAP.
Molecular identification of Aspergillus spp. isolated from coffee beans
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2005-01) Magnani, Marciane; Fernandes, Thiago; Prete, Cássio Egidio Cavenaghi; Homechim, Martin; Ono, Elisabete Yurie Sataque; Vilas-Boas, Laurival Antonio; Sartori, Daniele; Furlaneto, Márcia Cristina; Fungaro, Maria Helena Pelegrinelli
Some species belonging to the genus Aspergillus are potential producers of ochratoxin A (OA), a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. The aim of the present study was to identify the species of Aspergillus that contaminate the inside of coffee beans collected in the stage of maturation and drying, from 16 producing areas located in the northern region of the State of Paraná, in the South of Brazil. A total of 108 isolates of Aspergillus spp. was identified at the species level, by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The results revealed the presence of potentially ochratoxigenic species in 82% of the geographic regions studied, among which Aspergillus niger was the species most frequently detected, followed by A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius. The presence of A. carbonarius in immature coffee fruits harvested from trees is reported for the first time.
Growth rate and nutritional status of an organic coffee cropping system
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2005-03) Ricci, Marta dos Santos Freire; Alves, Bruno José Rodrigues; Miranda, Simone Cordeiro de; Oliveira, Fabio Freire de
In view of the low N concentration in organic fertilizers, it is necessary to use high rates of such fertilizers to attend coffee crop requirements. Hence, N is the most limiting nutrient for organic coffee production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) organic fertilization on the growth and nutritional status of coffee cultivars, as well as to quantify plant biomass and N input derived from biological nitrogen fixation, and their effect on soil chemical characteristics. The experiment consisted of six coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivars intercropped with and without sunn hemp sown in November 2001 and pruned at mid-height 76 days later. At 175 days, the standing biomass of the legume was cut, measuring dry mass, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and 15 N natural abundance, resulting 16 t ha -1 of dry mass and the recycling of 444, 21, 241, 191, and 44 kg ha -1 of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. Cultivars ‘Obatã’ and ‘Catuaí Vermelho’ presented the highest growth rates in terms of plant height, while cultivars ‘Icatu’ and ‘Oeiras’ presented the lowest rates. Biological nitrogen fixation associated to the legume introduced more than 200 kg ha -1 of N, which is a demonstration that N fertilization in organic cropping systems is a valuable alternative. Intercropping lead to a constant coffee leaf N content during the entire cropping cycle, contrary to what was observed in plots grown without sunn hemp.
Performance of Holstein-Zebu cows under partial replacement of corn by coffee hulls
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2005-03) Tavares, Anamaria Almeida Costa; Pereira, Marcos Neves; Tavares, Marcelo Rodrigo; Chaves, Márcio Luiz
Replacement of corn by citrus pulp or coffee hulls explores the potential of dairy cows to digest fiber-rich feedstuffs. However, for the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, replacing citrus pulp by coffee hulls may reduce milk production costs, since citrus pulp needs to be imported from another state, while coffee hulls are highly available at essentially no cost. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of crossbred cows fed concentrates containing 25% coffee hulls (Coffee) or 25% citrus pulp (Pulp) as a replacement for ground corn grain (Corn; 47.4% in the concentrate). Forty-two cows were blocked based on milk yield and allocated to one of the three treatments for 56 days, following a 14-day standardization period. Concentrates were fed twice a day during the milking routine, 1 kg to each 2.5 kg of the average milk yield for the block, determined at the end of the standardization period. The daily 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield was 7.5 kg for Corn, 7.9 kg for Pulp and 6.2 kg for Coffee (P < 0.01). Cows consuming coffee hulls had greater body weight loss (P = 0.03). Feed orts during milking amounted to 30% of the concentrate offered in Coffee, greater than the other treatments throughout the experimental period (P < 0.01). The mean daily intake of coffee hulls was 575 grams. The frequency of cows reluctant to enter the milking parlor yoke was 10% for Coffee and 1% for the other two treatments (P < 0.01). There was no detectable effect of coffee hulls on cow temperament and frequency of defecation during milking, as well as on somatic cell count (P > 0.26). The Pulp concentrate provided the highest financial efficiency, while Coffee was the least efficient (P < 0.01). These data suggest that the potential of use of coffee hulls is low when added at rates equal to or greater than 25% of the concentrate offered during the milking routine.
Genetic diversity of cultivated Coffea arabica inbred lines assessed by RAPD, AFLP and SSR marker systems
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2005-07) Maluf, Mirian Perez; Silvestrini, Milene; Ruggiero, Luciana Machado de Campos; Guerreiro Filho, Oliveiro; Colombo, Carlos Augusto
One of the greatest problems in Coffea arabica breeding is identifying precisely any inbred line, based only on botanical and agronomical descriptors, because of the reduced genetic variability of the species, close pedigree origin, which results in small phenotypic variation. Recently, molecular markers have been used for plant germplasm characterization and identification in several commercial species. This work evaluates the reliability of three marker systems: RAPD, AFLP and SSR, to characterize the genetic variability of commercially-used Coffea inbred lines developed by the Instituto Agronômico (IAC), and their potential for cultivar identification. All methods identified polymorphisms among the cultivars. The genetic diversity recognized by the methods is very similar, although is very narrow. RAPD and SSR marker systems grouped more efficiently the evaluated cultivars according to parental origin. None of the methods allowed inbred line identification. Therefore for varietal protection, it would be necessary using a combination of botanical, agronomical and molecular markers descriptors for precise cultivar identification.
Bioprospecting endophytic bacteria for biological control of coffee leaf rust
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2006-01) Shiomi, Humberto Franco; Silva, Harllen Sandro Alves; Melo, Itamar Soares de; Nunes, Flávia Vieira; Bettiol, Wagner
Suppression of plant diseases due to the action of endophytic microorganisms has been demonstrated in several pathosystems. Experiments under controlled conditions involving endophytic bacteria isolated from leaves and branches of Coffea arabica L and Coffea robusta L were conducted with the objective of evaluating the inhibition of germination of Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., race II, urediniospores and the control of coffee leaf rust development in tests with leaf discs, detached leaves, and on potted seedling of cv. Mundo Novo. The endophytic bacterial isolates tested proved to be effective in inhibiting urediniospore germination and/or rust development, with values above 50%, although the results obtained in urediniospore germination tests were inferior to the treatment with fungicide propiconazole. Endophytic isolates TG4-Ia, TF2-IIc, TF9-Ia, TG11-IIa, and TF7-IIa, demonstrated better coffee leaf rust control in leaf discs, detached leaves, and coffee plant tests. The endophytic isolates TG4-Ia and TF9-Ia were identified as Bacillus lentimorbus Dutky and Bacillus cereus Frank. & Frank., respectively. Some endophytic bacterial isolates were effective in controlling the coffee leaf rust, although some increased the severity of the disease. Even though a relatively small number of endophytic bacteria were tested, promising results were obtained regarding the efficiency of coffee leaf rust biocontrol. These selected agents appears to be an alternative for future replacement of chemical fungicide.
Variability of water balance components in a coffee crop in Brazil
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2006-03) Silva, Adriana Lúcia da; Roveratti, Renato; Reichardt, Klaus; Bacchi, Osny Oliveira Santos; Timm, Luis Carlos; Bruno, Isabeli Pereira; Oliveira, Julio César Martins; Dourado Neto, Durval
Establishing field water balances is difficult and costly, the variability of their components being the major problem to obtain reliable results. This component variability is presented herein for a coffee crop grown in the Southern Hemisphere, on a tropical soil with 10% slope. It was observed that: rainfall has to be measured with an appropriate number of replicates; irrigation can introduce great variability into calculations; evapotranspiration, calculated as a remainder of the water balance equation, has exceedingly high coefficients of variation; the soil water storage component is the major contributor in error propagation calculations to estimate evapotranspiration; and that runoff can be satisfactorily controlled on the 10% slope through crop management practices.
Comparison between climatological and field water balances for a coffee crop
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2007-05) Bruno, Isabeli Pereira; Silva, Adriana Lúcia da; Reichardt, Klaus; Dourado-Neto, Durval; Bacchi, Osny Oliveira Santos; Volpe, Clóvis Alberto
The use of climatological water balances in substitution to complete water balances directly measured in the field allows a more practical crop management, since the climatological water balances are based on data monitored as a routine. This study makes a comparison between these methods in terms of estimatives of evapotranspiration, soil water storage, soil available water, runoff losses, and drainage below root zone, during a two year period, taking as an example a coffee crop of the variety Catuaí, three to five years old. Climatological water balances based on the estimation of the evapotranspiration through the methods of Thornthwaite and Penman-Monteith, can reasonably substitute field measured balances, however underestimating the above mentioned variables.
Growth, development, and fertilizer-15N recovery by the coffee plant
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2007-09) Fenilli, Tatiele Anete Bergamo; Dourado-Neto, Durval; Trivelin, Paulo César Ocheuze; Favarin, José Laercio; Costa, Flávio Murilo Pereira da; Bacchi, Osny Oliveira Santos
The relationship between growth and fertilizer nitrogen recovery by perenial crops such as coffee is poorly understood and improved understanding of such relations is important for the establishment of rational crop management practices. In order to characterize the growth of a typical coffee crop in Brazil and quantify the recovery of 15 N labeled ammonium sulfate, and improve information for fertilizer management practices this study presents results for two consecutive cropping years, fertilized with 280 and 350 kg ha -1 of N, respectively, applied in four splittings, using five replicates. Shoot dry matter accumulation was evaluated every 60 days, separating plants into branches, leaves and fruits. Labeled sub-plots were used to evaluate N-total and 15 N abundance by mass spectrometry. During the first year the aerial part reached a recovery of 71% of the fertilizer N applied up to February, but this value was reduced to 34% at harvest and 19% at the beginning of the next flowering period due to leaf fall and fruit export. For the second year the aerial part absorbed 36% of the fertilizer N up to March, 47% up to harvest and 19% up to the beginning of the next flowering period. The splitting into four applications of the used fertilizer rates was adequate for the requirements of the crop at these growth stages of the coffee crop.
Genetic characterization of Xylella fastidiosa isolated from citrus and coffee plants
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2007-09) Miranda, Vicente Savonitti; Farias, Paulo Roberto Silva; Roberto, Sérgio Rufo; Lacava, Pedro Magalhães
The Citrus Variegated Chlorosis and the Coffee Leaf Scorch are some of the many destructive diseases caused by Xylella fastidiosa, a gram-negative bacterium limited to the xylem of affected plants. As its genetic characterization is still not well established, different isolates of X. fastidiosa from citrus and coffee were evaluated through RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique to characterize and classify these isolates based on similarity coefficients. Sixteen isolates of X. fastidiosa were used on this trial, obtained from citrus, coffee and almond. The genetic polymorphism evaluation was performed using six arbitrary 10-base primer pairs. It was possible to establish a dendogram in which the isolates were classified into five groups (A, B, C, D and E). A prevalence of citrus isolates in groups A and D was observed. In groups B and C, there was a prevalence of coffee isolates meanwhile the group D consisted of the almond isolate, solely.
Host colonization differences between citrus and coffee isolates of xylella fastidiosa in reciprocal inoculation
(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2008-05) Prado, Simone de Souza; Lopes, João Roberto Spotti; Demétrio, Clarice Garcia Borges; Borgatto, Adriano Ferreti; Almeida, Rodrigo Piacentini Paes de
Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) and coffee stem atrophy (CSA) are important diseases in Brazil associated with closely-related strains of Xylella fastidiosa, but little is know about host overlapping and importance of citrus and coffee as inoculum sources of these strains. In this study, reciprocal-inoculation experiments were performed to determine if CVC and CSA isolates are biologically similar within citrus and coffee plants. These two hosts were mechanically inoculated with a CVC and a CSA isolate of X. fastidiosa at four concentrations ranging between10 3 and 10 9 colony forming units CFU mL -1 . At two, four and eight months after inoculation, the infection efficiency and bacterial populations of the isolates in each host were determined by culturing. The CVC isolate infected both citrus and coffee plants, but developed lower populations in coffee. The CSA isolate did not colonize citrus. Inoculation of coffee plants with the CVC isolate resulted in low rates of infection and required an inoculum concentration ten-fold higher than that necessary to obtain a similar (25%) rate of infection in citrus. The relatively low infection rates and bacterial numbers of the CVC isolate in coffee plants compared with those observed in citrus suggest that coffee is not a suitable host to serve as a source of inoculum of the CVC strain for primary spread to citrus or within coffee plantations. Key words: citrus variegated chlorosis, coffee leaf scorch, inoculum concentration, bacterial population, epidemiology