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Resultados da Pesquisa
Item Soil profile internal drainage for a central pivot fertigated coffee crop(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011-11) Bortolotto, Rafael Pivotto; Bruno, Isabeli Pereira; Dourado-Neto, Durval; Timm, Luís Carlos; Silva, Adilson Nunes da; Reichardt, KlausCoffee cultivation via central-pivot fertigation can lead to fertilizer losses by soil profile internal drainage when water application is excessive and soils have low water retention and cation adsorption capacities. This study analyses the deep water losses from the top 1 m sandy soil layer of east Bahia, Brazil, cultivated with coffee at a high technology level (central-pivot fertigation), using above normal N fertilizer rates. The deep drainage (Q) estimation is made through the application of a climatologic water balance (CWB) program having as input direct measures of irrigation and rainfall, climatological data from weather stations, and measured soil water retention characteristics. The aim of the study is to contribute to the understanding of the hydric regime of coffee crops managed by central-pivot irrigation, analyzing three scenarios (Sc): i) rainfall only, ii) rainfall and irrigation full year, and iii) rainfall and irrigation dry season only. Annual Q values for the 2008/2009 agricultural year were: Sc i = 811.5 mm; Sc ii = 1010.5 mm; and Sc iii = 873.1 mm, so that the irrigation interruption in the wet season reduced Q by 15.7%, without the appearance of water deficit periods. Results show that the use of the CWB program is a convenient tool for the evaluation of Q under the cited conditions.Item Nitrate leaching through climatologic water balance in a fertigated coffee plantation(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013-11) Bortolotto, Rafael Pivotto; Bruno, Isabeli Pereira; Dourado-Neto, Durval; Timm, Luís Carlos; Silva, Adilson Nunes da; Reichardt, KlausNitrate losses from soil profiles by leaching should preferentially be monitored during high rainfall events and during irrigation when fertilizer nitrogen applications are elevated. Using a climatologic water balance, based on the models of Thornthwaite and Penman Monteith for potential evapotranspiration, drainage soil water fluxes below the root zone were estimated in a fertigated coffee crop. Soil solution extraction at the depth of 1 m allowed the calculation of nitrate leaching. The average nitrate concentration in soil solution for plots that received nitrogen by fertigation at a rate of 400 kg ha -1 , was 5.42 mg L -1 , surpassing the limit of the Brazilian legislation of 10.0 mg L -1 , only during one month. For plots receiving 800 kg ha -1 of nitrogen, the average was 25.01 mg L -1 , 2.5 times higher than the above- mentioned limit. This information indicates that nitrogen rates higher than 400 kg ha -1 are potentially polluting the ground water. Yearly nitrate amounts of leaching were 24.2 and 153.0 kg ha -1 for the nitrogen rates of 400 and 800 kg ha - 1 , respectively. The six times higher loss indicates a cost/benefit problem for coffee fertigations above 400 kg ha -1 .Item Nitrogen fertilizer (15 N) leaching in a central pivot fertigated coffee crop(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012-07) Bortolotto, Rafael Pivotto; Bruno, Isabeli Pereira; Reichardt, Klaus; Timm, Luís Carlos; Amado, Telmo Jorge Carneiro; Ferreira, Ademir de OliveiraNitrogen has a complex dynamics in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. N fertilizers are subject to chemical and microbial transformations in soils that can result in significant losses. Considering the cost of fertilizers, the adoption of good management practices like fertigation could improve the N use efficiency by crops. Water balances (WB) were applied to evaluate fertilizer N leaching using 15 N labeled urea in west Bahia, Brazil. Three scenarios (2008/2009) were established: i) rainfall + irrigation the full year, ii) rainfall only; and iii) rainfall + irrigation only in the dry season. The water excess was considered equal to the deep drainage for the very flat area (runoff = 0) with a water table located several meters below soil surface (capillary rise = 0). The control volume for water balance calculations was the 0 – 1 m soil layer, considering that it involves the active root system. The water drained below 1 m was used to estimate fertilizer N leaching losses. WB calculations used the mathematic model of Penman-Monteith for evapotranspiration, considering the crop coefficient equal to unity. The high N application rate associated to the high rainfall plus irrigation was found to be the main cause for leaching, which values were 14.7 and 104.5 kg ha -1 for the rates 400 and 800 kg ha - 1 of N, corresponding to 3.7 and 13.1 % of the applied fertilizer, respectively.Item Relação entre a adubação nitrogenada e as condições híbricas so solo para um cafezal de Piracicaba, SP(Editora UFLA, 2009-01) Reichardt, Klaus; Silva, Adriana Lúcia da; Fenilli, Tatieli Anete Bergamo; Timm, Luís Carlos; Bruno, Isabeli Pereira; Volpe, Carlos AlbertoApesar do manejo da cultura do café já estar bem estabelecido no Brasil, ainda existe espaço para sua melhoria no que se refere ao uso dos recursos naturais disponíveis em cada região produtora, visando ao aumento de produtividade. Aqui são apresentados resultados sobre o destino do nitrogênio (N) do fertilizante aplicado a um cafezal, relacionados às condições hídricas prevalecentes. São discutidos balanços hídricos que permitiram avaliações da distribuição radicular, do coeficiente de cultura e das condições hídricas do solo durante o desenvolvimento da cultura. Cerca de 60% do sistema radicular se distribui na camada 0-0,3 m e o coeficiente médio de cultura foi de 1,1 para plantas de 3 a 5 anos de idade. Pelo uso do marcador de nitrogênio - 15 N - pôde-se estudar a distribuição do N do fertilizante dentro da planta e do solo, bem como estabelecer balanços gerais de N que também incluem as perdas, como a lixiviação e a volatilização. Após dois anos de aplicação de sulfato de amônio, em doses de 280 (1o ano) e 350 (2o ano) kg.ha -1 de N, em quatro aplicações iguais realizadas no período de taxas de crescimento positivo, as recuperações do N do fertilizante foram 19,1% pela parte aérea e 9,7% pelas raízes, restando 12,6% no solo e 11,2% na serrapilheira; 0,9% foi perdido por volatilização e 2,3% por lixiviação; 26,3% foram exportados pela colheita e 18,2% permaneceram em compartimentos não avaliados. Dos 630 kg.ha -1 de N aplicados nos dois anos, ao final 180 se encontravam na planta (parte aérea mais raiz), o que equivale a 28,5%; 150 kg.ha -1 de N ficaram disponíveis para os próximos anos (solo e serrapilheira) e apenas 20 kg.ha -1 de N foram efetivamente perdidos (volatilização e lixiviação).