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Item Chemical attributes of an Oxisol with the addition of conilon coffee straw biochar(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa, 2023) Alvarenga, Anarelly Costa; Passos, Renato Ribeiro; Andrade, Felipe Vaz; Mendonça, Eduardo de Sá; Rangel, Otacílio José Passos; Mosa, Lázaro LongueThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing rates of biochar produced with coffee straw, at two pyrolysis temperatures, on the chemical attributes of an Oxisol cultivated with conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) and on the nutrient content of coffee tree leaves. Treatments consisted of pyrolysis at two temperatures (350 and 600 °C) and of five biochar rates (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha-1). The following soil chemical attributes were evaluated: pH in water; P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents; effective and potential cation exchange capacity (CEC); sum of bases (SB); base (V) and aluminium (m) saturation; and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents in the leaves. The biochar produced at 600°C, at rates of 10 and 15 Mg ha-1, promoted a greater K release into the soil. Regardless of temperature, coffee straw biochar increased K and P availability, sum of bases, base saturation, and CEC in the soil, but did not influence macro- and micronutrient contents in the leaves. The addition of increasing rates of coffee straw biochar in the soil increases P, K, Mg, SB, CEC, and V, regardless of pyrolysis temperature.Item Chemical attributes of an Oxisol with the addition of conilon coffee straw biochar(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa, 2023-05-19) Alvarenga, Anarelly Costa; Passos, Renato Ribeiro; Andrade, Felipe Vaz; Mendonça, Eduardo de Sá; Rangel, Otacílio José Passos; Mosa, Lázaro LongueThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing rates of biochar produced with coffee straw, at two pyrolysis temperatures, on the chemical attributes of an Oxisol cultivated with conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) and on the nutrient content of coffee tree leaves. Treatments consisted of pyrolysis at two temperatures (350 and 600°C) and of five biochar rates (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha-1). The following soil chemical attributes were evaluated: pH in water; P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents; effective and potential cation exchange capacity (CEC); sum of bases (SB); base (V) and aluminium (m) saturation; and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents in the leaves. The biochar produced at 600°C, at rates of 10 and 15 Mg ha-1, promoted a greater K release into the soil. Regardless of temperature, coffee straw biochar increased K and P availability, sum of bases, base saturation, and CEC in the soil, but did not influence macro- and micronutrient contents in the leaves. The addition of increasing rates of coffee straw biochar in the soil increases P, K, Mg, SB, CEC, and V, regardless of pyrolysis temperature.Item Nutrient release from green manure under different sun-exposed faces(Editora UFLA, 2018-04) Mendonça, Eduardo de Sá; Moura, Waldenia de Melo; Guimarães, Gabriel Pinto; Burak, Diego LangThe evaluation of the decomposition of plant residues added to the soil for green manures allows better understanding of the nutrient supply for coffee. The aim of this study was to determine the decomposition constant (κ), the half- lifetime (t 1/2 ) and the nutrient release from legumes and spontaneous plant under two environmental conditions of sun-exposure in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais state. The experimental unit located in Araponga has northwest sun-exposure face and the experimental unit located in Pedra Dourada has the south sun-exposure face. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 2 x 8 x 6 factorial (two environments facing sun-exposure, 8 green manures and 6 residue decomposition assessment times), with four replicates. The results showed that κ and t 1/2 of the evaluated green manures did not differ between the northwestern face (highest altitude, temperature and incident light) and the south face (lower altitude, temperature and incident light). The κ difference obtained between all green manures was due to its chemical and biochemical composition. At the end of the evaluation period of 240 days an average of 62,3 and 63,1% N; 99,4 and 99,5% P and 92,8 and 93,3% K were released from the green manures of the northwest and south faces respectively. The most promising legume in the total nutrients release on the northwest face was D. lablab with 74,6; 10,9 and 69,0 kg ha-1 of N, P and K, respectively. To the south face the most promising legume was C. spectabilis with 69,1; 10,4 and 47,9 kg ha-1 of N, P and K, respectively.Item Decomposition and nutrient release of leguminous plants in coffee agroforestry systems(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2011-01) Matos, Eduardo da Silva; Mendonça, Eduardo de Sá; Cardoso, Irene Maria; Lima, Paulo César de; Freese, DirkLeguminous plants used as green manure are an important nutrient source for coffee plantations, especially for soils with low nutrient levels. Field experiments were conducted in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State, Brazil to evaluate the decomposition and nutrient release rates of four leguminous species used as green manures (Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Stizolobium aterrimum and Stylosanthes guianensis) in a coffee agroforestry system under two different climate conditions. The initial N contents in plant residues varied from 25.7 to 37.0 g kg -1 and P from 2.4 to 3.0 g kg -1 . The lignin/N, lignin/polyphenol and (lignin+polyphenol)/N ratios were low in all residues studied. Mass loss rates were highest in the first 15 days, when 25 % of the residues were decomposed. From 15 to 30 days, the decomposition rate decreased on both farms. On the farm in Pedra Dourada (PD), the decomposition constant k increased in the order C. mucunoides < S. aterrimum < S. guianensis < A. pintoi. On the farm in Araponga (ARA), there was no difference in the decomposition rate among leguminous plants. The N release rates varied from 0.0036 to 0.0096 d -1 . Around 32 % of the total N content in the plant material was released in the first 15 days. In ARA, the N concentration in the S. aterrimum residues was always significantly higher than in the other residues. At the end of 360 days, the N released was 78 % in ARA and 89 % in PD of the initial content. Phosphorus was the most rapidly released nutrient (k values from 0.0165 to 0.0394 d -1 ). Residue decomposition and nutrient release did not correlate with initial residue chemistry and biochemistry, but differences in climatic conditions between the two study sites modified the decomposition rate constants.Item Qualidade da matéria orgânica de solos sob cultivo de café consórciado com adubos verdes(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2013-11) Coelho, Marino Salgarello; Mendonça, Eduardo de Sá; Lima, Paulo César de; Guimarães, Gabriel Pinto; Cardoso, Irene MariaO aporte de resíduos orgânicos, associado ao processo de humificação, promove melhoria dos atributos do solo e garante ao agricultor a manutenção do sistema produtivo. As leguminosas visam, além do fornecimento de nutrientes para o café, melhorar a qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo com a formação das substâncias húmicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto do uso de leguminosas, como adubo verde, na qualidade das substâncias húmicas em solos sob café em duas condições edafoclimáticas na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Foram cultivados amendoim forrageiro, calopogônio, estilosantes, mucuna e espécies espontâneas durante quatro anos, em duas propriedades de agricultores familiares. Após quatro anos, realizaram-se a coleta de solo, extração e purificação das SH para obtenção dos ácidos fúlvicos (AFs) e húmicos (AHs). Foram realizadas análise elementar (CHNO), UV-visível, infravermelho e termogravimetria do material purificado. Os resultados evidenciaram que os AHs possuem maior peso molecular, hidrofobicidade, condensação, e compostos aromáticos com maior teor de C, conferindo maior estabilidade estrutural em relação aos AFs. O ambiente voltado para a face sul, com menor incidência de luz, menor temperatura e maior umidade, possui substâncias húmicas estruturalmente mais estáveis e resistentes à degradação do que as extraídas de solo voltado para o noroeste. O tratamento com calopogônio apresentou baixo teor de C e elevado teor de O na composição dos AFs, caracterizando compostos de menor estabilidade estrutural em relação aos AFs, sob os tratamentos com estilosantes, mucuna e espontâneas. Nos AHs, o uso das leguminosas apresentaram resultados semelhantes.Item Green manure in coffee systems in the region of Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais: characteristics and kinetics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2008-09) Matos, Eduardo da Silva; Mendonça, Eduardo de Sá; Lima, Paulo César de; Coelho, Marino Salgarello; Mateus, Renato Faria; Cardoso, Irene MariaThe use of green manure may contribute to reduce soil erosion and increase the soil organic matter content and N availability in coffee plantations in the Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais, in Southeastern Brazil. The potential of four legumes (A. pintoi, C. mucunoides, S. aterrimum and S. guianensis) to produce above-ground biomass, accumulate nutrients and mineralize N was studied in two coffee plantations of subsistence farmers under different climate conditions. The biomass production of C. mucunoides was influenced by the shade of the coffee plantation. C. mucunoides tended to mineralize more N than the other legumes due to the low polyphenol content and polyphenol/N ratio. In the first year, the crop establishment of A. pintoi in the area took longer than of the other legumes, resulting in lower biomass production and N 2 fixation. In the long term, cellulose was the main factor controlling N mineralization. The biochemical characteristics, nutrient accumulation and biomass production of the legumes were greatly influenced by the altitude and position of the area relative to the sun.Item Soil aggregation and organic carbon of oxisols under coffee in agroforestry systems(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2014-01) Guimarães, Gabriel Pinto; Mendonça, Eduardo de Sá; Passos, Renato Ribeiro; Andrade, Felipe VazIntensive land use can lead to a loss of soil physical quality with negative impacts on soil aggregates, resistance to root penetration, porosity, and bulk density. Organic and agroforestry management systems can represent sustainable, well- balanced alternatives in the agroecosystem for promoting a greater input of organic matter than the conventional system. Based on the hypothesis that an increased input of organic matter improves soil physical quality, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of coffee production systems on soil physical properties in two Red- Yellow Oxisols (Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos) in the region of Caparaó, Espirito Santo, Brazil. On Farm 1, we evaluated the following systems: primary forest (Pf1), organic coffee (Org1) and conventional coffee (Con1). On Farm 2, we evaluated: secondary forest (Sf2), organic coffee intercropped with inga (Org/In2), organic coffee intercropped with leucaena and inga (Org/In/Le2), organic coffee intercropped with cedar (Org/Ced2) and unshaded conventional coffee (Con2). Soil samples were collected under the tree canopy from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers. Under organic and agroforestry coffee management, soil aggregation was higher than under conventional coffee. In the agroforestry system, the degree of soil flocculation was 24 % higher, soil moisture was 80 % higher, and soil resistance to penetration was lower than in soil under conventional coffee management. The macroaggregates in the organic systems, Org/In2, Org/In/ Le2, and Org/Ced2 contained, on average, 29.1, 40.1 and 34.7 g kg -1 organic carbon, respectively. These levels are higher than those found in the unshaded conventional system (Con2), with 20.2 g kg -1 .Item Estoques de carbono e nitrogênio e densidade do solo em sistemas de adubação orgânica de café conilon(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2015-09) Silva, Victor Maurício da; Teixeira, Alex Fabian Rabelo; Souza, Jacimar Luis de; Guimarães, Gabriel Pinto; Benassi, Antônio Carlos; Mendonça, Eduardo de SáA produção de café conilon em sistemas de manejo orgânico tem aumentado no Estado do Espírito Santo. Porém, faltam informações sobre o impacto desse manejo sobre os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adubação orgânica sobre os estoques de C e N e a densidade do solo (Ds) em agrossistema de café conilon. O experimento foi implantado em lavoura localizada no município de Linhares, ES, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com distribuição fatorial 2 × 2 × 5, com três repetições, sendo os fatores: dois compostos orgânicos; presença e ausência da leguminosa feijão-de-porco nas entrelinhas; e cinco proporções de cada composto em substituição à adubação mineral recomendada (0; 25; 50; 75; e 100 %). Cada repetição foi formada por amostragem de solo sob a copa de uma planta em parcela com 30 cafeeiros. Os compostos foram: composto 1, preparado com capim-elefante e palha de café na proporção 1:1 (v:v); e composto 2, preparado com capim-elefante, palha de café e cama de frango na proporção 2:1:1 (v:v:v). As coletas de solo foram realizadas 240 dias após a adubação (240DAPA) do 1o ano agrícola e aos 30 dias após a 1a etapa da adubação (30DAPA) do 2o ano agrícola. O uso de composto na adubação do cafeeiro acarretou redução da Ds de aproximadamente 13 %. O incremento das proporções de compostos na adubação aumentou o teor e o estoque de C e N do solo aos 30DAPA do 2o ano agrícola. Houve acréscimos de 11 e 0,4 Mg ha -1 para o estoque de C e N, respectivamente, para cafeeiros adubados com 100 % de composto 1, em relação à adubação mineral. A adubação com composto é alternativa para aumentar os estoques de C e N no agrossistema de conilon.Item Biological nitrogen fixation by legumes and n uptake by coffee plants(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2017) Mendonça, Eduardo de Sá; Lima, Paulo Cesar de; Guimarães, Gabriel Pinto; Moura, Waldenia de Melo; Andrade, Felipe VazGreen manures are an alternative for substituting or supplementing mineral nitrogen fertilizers. The aim of this study was to quantify biological N fixation (BNF) and the N contribution derived from BNF (N-BNF) to N levels in leaves of coffee intercropped with legumes grown on four family farms located in the mountainous region of the Atlantic Forest Biome in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The following green manures were evaluated: pinto peanuts (Arachis pintoi), calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides), crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis), Brazilian stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), lablab beans (Dolichos lablab), and velvet beans (Stizolobium deeringianum), and spontaneous plants. The experimental design was randomized blocks with a 4 × 8 factorial arrangement (four agricultural properties and eight green manures), and four replications. One hundred grams of fresh matter of each green manure plant were dried in an oven to obtain the dry matter. We then performed chemical and biochemical characterizations and determined the levels of 15 N and 14 N, which were used to quantify BNF through the 15 N (δ 15 N) natural abundance technique. The legumes C. mucunoides, S. guianensis, C. cajan, and D. lablab had the highest rates of BNF, at 46.1, 45.9, 44.4, and 42.9 %, respectively. C. cajan was the legume that contributed the largest amount of N (44.42 kg ha -1 ) via BNF.C. cajan, C. spectabilis, and C. mucunoides transferred 55.8, 48.8, and 48.1 %, respectively, of the N from biological fixation to the coffee plants. The use of legumes intercropped with coffee plants is important in supplying N, as well as in transferring N derived from BNF to nutrition of the coffee plants.Item Erosão hídrica e compartimentos da matéria orgânica do solo em sistemas cafeeiros conservacionistas e convencionais(Editora UFLA, 2015-07) Guimarães, Gabriel Pinto; Andrade, Klinger Chaves de; Mendonça, Eduardo de SáObjetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar as perdas de solo, água, carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) e os compartimentos da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), em sistemas cafeeiros pertencentes ao bioma Mata Atlântica, do sul do Espírito Santo. Foram avaliados quatro agroecossistemas de café: conservacionista 1(Csv1), conservacionista 2 (Csv2), convencional 1 (Conv1), convencional 2 (Conv2) e uma área de Mata Atlântica (Mata). As avaliações das perdas pela erosão hídrica, sob condição de chuva natural, foram realizadas de julho a dezembro de 2012 e 2013. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-10 e 10-20 cm para avaliação dos teores de COT, NT e dos compartimentos da MOS. Os resultados mostraram que a precipitação de 540,8 mm, ocorrida durante os 6 meses de avaliação em 2012, promoveu perdas de água em1110, 2740, 6270 e 5930 mm ha -1 para o Csv1, Csv2, Conv1 e Conv2, respectivamente, já as perdas de solo para esses respectivos sistemas foram de 2,87; 2,85; 152,13 e 21,17 Kg ha -1 . Para precipitação de 669,4 mm, ocorrida durante julho a dezembro de 2013, as perdas totais de água foram de 203, 2900, 4750, 6270 e 8620 mm ha -1 para Mata, Csv1, Csv2, Conv1, Conv2, respectivamente. Sistemas convencionais apresentaram perda média total de 3363 g ha -1 de C e 282 g ha -1 de N, presente no solo erodido de 2012. Os sistemas conservacionistas apresentaram teores de C no compartimento biomassa microbiana 253 vezes superior, em relação aos sistemas convencionais na profundidade 0-10 cm.